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112
Environment is the victim to globalization in Kazakhstan as well, when the companies are fined pennies to the dollars of the ecological damage they are causing. In Mangystau, it is also particularly evident as the oil companies consistently violate the environment protection law (Kazinform, 2007): oil and other chemical spills are frequently punished with minimal fines incommensurate with the amount of damage caused to nature.
157 The “Caspian ecological eco-system is on the brink of a major crisis” says Mangystau’s environmental expert Bystritskaia, highlighting the degree of abuse the Sea has experienced during the oil exploration and development in the last couple of decades. (Popova, 2010)
It is certain that market economic reforms and FDI have made a significant impact on the social, environmental and economic situation in Aktau, sometimes positive and sometimes negative. But what is the overall effect on the processes of identity formation in Aktau, as suggested by the main hypothesis of this study?
Identity in Aktau
At this point, it is important to note one caveat: the national identity of Aktau’s residents cannot be analyzed separately from the identity of Adai Kazakhs in the region as a whole. Not only Aktau is a settlement with a rather short history, in the last 20 years its population has almost been completely replaced with Adai Kazakhs from the countryside and elsewhere (oralman) who still maintain close ties to their numerous relatives outside of the city. In in 1989, only 50% of population was Kazakh, (Itogi
157 Based on tnterviews with a journalists in Aktau, 8/6/2009, 8/6/2009 8/7/2009, 8/10/2009;
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 118 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 112 Environment is the victim to globalization in Kazakhstan as well, when the companies are fined pennies to the dollars of the ecological damage they are causing. In Mangystau, it is also particularly evident as the oil companies consistently violate the environment protection law (Kazinform, 2007): oil and other chemical spills are frequently punished with minimal fines incommensurate with the amount of damage caused to nature. 157 The “Caspian ecological eco-system is on the brink of a major crisis” says Mangystau’s environmental expert Bystritskaia, highlighting the degree of abuse the Sea has experienced during the oil exploration and development in the last couple of decades. (Popova, 2010) It is certain that market economic reforms and FDI have made a significant impact on the social, environmental and economic situation in Aktau, sometimes positive and sometimes negative. But what is the overall effect on the processes of identity formation in Aktau, as suggested by the main hypothesis of this study? Identity in Aktau At this point, it is important to note one caveat: the national identity of Aktau’s residents cannot be analyzed separately from the identity of Adai Kazakhs in the region as a whole. Not only Aktau is a settlement with a rather short history, in the last 20 years its population has almost been completely replaced with Adai Kazakhs from the countryside and elsewhere (oralman) who still maintain close ties to their numerous relatives outside of the city. In in 1989, only 50% of population was Kazakh, (Itogi 157 Based on tnterviews with a journalists in Aktau, 8/6/2009, 8/6/2009 8/7/2009, 8/10/2009; |
