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111
and Almaty) provide for a thriving local economy which employs quite a few people in the small and medium-sized businesses if not in the oil industry itself. Three is the media control exerted by the local authorities. While the conflicts do occur, in particular over the wages, working conditions and contract obligations, they are localized and isolated in the media with ease. The massive unrest on scale which occurred in Atyrau did not take place in this region but the underlying issues are more or less the same: wage discrimination, offensive behavior of the expatriate workers and so on.
The situation in Mangystau illustrates race to the bottom argument – in globalization, governments of developing countries are forced to adopt a deliberate policy deregulating labor market, environment protection, and other social protection laws that normally increase the cost of conducting business in order to increase the competitiveness in the global marketplace. In economic terms, the mobility of capital and/or trade has become so large that the governments are no longer able to regulate them. (McKenzie & Lee, 1991) (Falk, 1997) (Tonelson, 2000) China is a prime example where labor regulation is practically absent and environmental protection is extremely lax. (Chan, 2003) Kazakhstan, competing for the global capital flows to its economy, is obviously participating in this race to the bottom, deregulating the labor and environmental protection (or keeping it artificially low) in order to make investments into its industries more appealing to the foreigners. The condition of Mangystau labor is the prime example: they are even denied the right to strike! (Gastarbaitery na sobstvennoy zemle, 2010)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 117 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 111 and Almaty) provide for a thriving local economy which employs quite a few people in the small and medium-sized businesses if not in the oil industry itself. Three is the media control exerted by the local authorities. While the conflicts do occur, in particular over the wages, working conditions and contract obligations, they are localized and isolated in the media with ease. The massive unrest on scale which occurred in Atyrau did not take place in this region but the underlying issues are more or less the same: wage discrimination, offensive behavior of the expatriate workers and so on. The situation in Mangystau illustrates race to the bottom argument – in globalization, governments of developing countries are forced to adopt a deliberate policy deregulating labor market, environment protection, and other social protection laws that normally increase the cost of conducting business in order to increase the competitiveness in the global marketplace. In economic terms, the mobility of capital and/or trade has become so large that the governments are no longer able to regulate them. (McKenzie & Lee, 1991) (Falk, 1997) (Tonelson, 2000) China is a prime example where labor regulation is practically absent and environmental protection is extremely lax. (Chan, 2003) Kazakhstan, competing for the global capital flows to its economy, is obviously participating in this race to the bottom, deregulating the labor and environmental protection (or keeping it artificially low) in order to make investments into its industries more appealing to the foreigners. The condition of Mangystau labor is the prime example: they are even denied the right to strike! (Gastarbaitery na sobstvennoy zemle, 2010) |
