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109
match up with the result – the planning and execution seem to be poor in some cases. (Dengi ukhodiat v pesok..., 2008)
No significant allegations of corruption in this respect have surfaced yet, but then, the impact of social projects appears to be large and appreciated by the local population, especially if one considers the vast amounts of the media coverage devoted to the events of social assistance, provided by the oil companies to the local communities. The only issue raised is the lack of transparency,155 but it does not appear to be enough to generate a widespread discontent. Besides, it is not public knowledge just how long the oil companies will engage in this practice: while the sponsorship of the social sphere might be a part of the contract with the government of Kazakhstan, the terms of these contracts are kept strictly confidential by all parties concerned.156
The issue is complicated further by the fact that the oil companies frequently change hands and even names. For example, the group of companies in charge of Kashagan, the most lucrative oil field of the past 40 years, was restructured 4 times: Kazakhstancaspiishelf in 1993, Offshore Kazakhstan International Operating Company (OKIOC) in 1997, Agip Kazakhstan North Caspian Operating Company (Agip KCO) in 2001 and the NCOC in 2008. The uncertainty of sustained oil industry presence and recent memories of the economic devastation of the early 1990s which, as it has been mentioned above, affected Mangystau much more than average in Kazakhstan, might be a contributing factor in reducing the tensions between the local population and the oil
155 Interview with journalists of a major Mangystau newspaper, 8/7/2009
156 Ibid
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 115 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 109 match up with the result – the planning and execution seem to be poor in some cases. (Dengi ukhodiat v pesok..., 2008) No significant allegations of corruption in this respect have surfaced yet, but then, the impact of social projects appears to be large and appreciated by the local population, especially if one considers the vast amounts of the media coverage devoted to the events of social assistance, provided by the oil companies to the local communities. The only issue raised is the lack of transparency,155 but it does not appear to be enough to generate a widespread discontent. Besides, it is not public knowledge just how long the oil companies will engage in this practice: while the sponsorship of the social sphere might be a part of the contract with the government of Kazakhstan, the terms of these contracts are kept strictly confidential by all parties concerned.156 The issue is complicated further by the fact that the oil companies frequently change hands and even names. For example, the group of companies in charge of Kashagan, the most lucrative oil field of the past 40 years, was restructured 4 times: Kazakhstancaspiishelf in 1993, Offshore Kazakhstan International Operating Company (OKIOC) in 1997, Agip Kazakhstan North Caspian Operating Company (Agip KCO) in 2001 and the NCOC in 2008. The uncertainty of sustained oil industry presence and recent memories of the economic devastation of the early 1990s which, as it has been mentioned above, affected Mangystau much more than average in Kazakhstan, might be a contributing factor in reducing the tensions between the local population and the oil 155 Interview with journalists of a major Mangystau newspaper, 8/7/2009 156 Ibid |
