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102
country. Whatever the case may be, it is still remarkable that Mangystau maintains a relatively lower level of corruption index compared to many other parts of the country where Kazakhs are in the majority, although overall it is still much higher than in many other societies in the world.
The arrival of big foreign oil companies has changed not only the economic but also the social environment of Aktau and Mangystau at large. However, this was a not a particularly happy and convenient transition.
Wage Discrimination and Damage Control of the Oil Companies
The biggest point of contention in Kazakhstan’s economy is the matter of wage discrimination perpetrated by the foreign companies all over the country. While it is a common issue across the world, it is one on the forefront of the minds of the Kazakshtani workers since in some cases expatriates can earn up to 16 times as much as their local counterparts. (Suleimenova, 2010) There were quite a few protests related to these issue all over the republic, including Mangystau.
The most violent clash between the Kazakh and foreign workers was the so-called “Tengiz Carnage” which occurred in Atyrau oblast in 2006, when about 400-500 Kazakh workers had attacked Turkish workers over a trivial matter, causing grave bodily injuries to over 140 of the latter. While the primary cause was very insignificant, the degree of violence and over-reaction to it points out to a couple long-standing and highly aggravating issues that caused the tensions between the two groups of workers to grow: one is a significant wage differential and the other is disrespectful and arrogant behavior of the expatriate workers toward the Kazakhs. (Tumanov, 2006) Similar events on a
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 108 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 102 country. Whatever the case may be, it is still remarkable that Mangystau maintains a relatively lower level of corruption index compared to many other parts of the country where Kazakhs are in the majority, although overall it is still much higher than in many other societies in the world. The arrival of big foreign oil companies has changed not only the economic but also the social environment of Aktau and Mangystau at large. However, this was a not a particularly happy and convenient transition. Wage Discrimination and Damage Control of the Oil Companies The biggest point of contention in Kazakhstan’s economy is the matter of wage discrimination perpetrated by the foreign companies all over the country. While it is a common issue across the world, it is one on the forefront of the minds of the Kazakshtani workers since in some cases expatriates can earn up to 16 times as much as their local counterparts. (Suleimenova, 2010) There were quite a few protests related to these issue all over the republic, including Mangystau. The most violent clash between the Kazakh and foreign workers was the so-called “Tengiz Carnage” which occurred in Atyrau oblast in 2006, when about 400-500 Kazakh workers had attacked Turkish workers over a trivial matter, causing grave bodily injuries to over 140 of the latter. While the primary cause was very insignificant, the degree of violence and over-reaction to it points out to a couple long-standing and highly aggravating issues that caused the tensions between the two groups of workers to grow: one is a significant wage differential and the other is disrespectful and arrogant behavior of the expatriate workers toward the Kazakhs. (Tumanov, 2006) Similar events on a |
