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93
region were able to maintain the Kazakh traditions and the Kazakh language more true to its origins than the Kazakhs within the country. (Diener, 2009) While the integration of the Kazakh repatriates in the Republic of Kazakhstan is fraught with many issues, Mangystau reportedly received 96.5 thousand of oralman from 1991 to 2009 (O migratsii oralmanov v Mangistauskuiu oblast', 2010) which makes up almost 20% of the total population of the oblast in 2009 (Perepis' naseleniia Respubliki Kazakhstan 2009 goda. Kratkie itogi, 2010, p. 10), making this region one of the largest recipient of the Kazakh repatriates in the republic.
119 Furthermore, since 1999, the population of this rather distant and desolate region grew by over 54% by 2009, second only to Astana, the rapidly growing new capital of Kazakhstan, while on average, the population of the republic grew by a moderate 6.9% in the same time period. (Ibid)
A few short years since independence have brought Aktau and Mangystau virtually to the brink of bankruptcy, causing another shift in the ethnic composition, as well. The next few years have reversed the economic fortunes of the oblast and caused even larger changes in terms of population.
Arrival of Foreign Oil Companies
Gradually, the economic devastation caused by the disruption of the economy linked to Russia after 1991 was gradually counteracted by the market economic reforms that the Kazakh government has adopted with rigor. One of the primary means of
119 This also causes tension with local population who frequently perceive oralman as a burden on them, something akin to how illegal immigration is perceived in the US with one important difference: oralman are invited officially and yet perceived as unwanted consumers of the limited state resources (Interview with Aktau newspaper journalists, 8/6/2009)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 99 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 93 region were able to maintain the Kazakh traditions and the Kazakh language more true to its origins than the Kazakhs within the country. (Diener, 2009) While the integration of the Kazakh repatriates in the Republic of Kazakhstan is fraught with many issues, Mangystau reportedly received 96.5 thousand of oralman from 1991 to 2009 (O migratsii oralmanov v Mangistauskuiu oblast', 2010) which makes up almost 20% of the total population of the oblast in 2009 (Perepis' naseleniia Respubliki Kazakhstan 2009 goda. Kratkie itogi, 2010, p. 10), making this region one of the largest recipient of the Kazakh repatriates in the republic. 119 Furthermore, since 1999, the population of this rather distant and desolate region grew by over 54% by 2009, second only to Astana, the rapidly growing new capital of Kazakhstan, while on average, the population of the republic grew by a moderate 6.9% in the same time period. (Ibid) A few short years since independence have brought Aktau and Mangystau virtually to the brink of bankruptcy, causing another shift in the ethnic composition, as well. The next few years have reversed the economic fortunes of the oblast and caused even larger changes in terms of population. Arrival of Foreign Oil Companies Gradually, the economic devastation caused by the disruption of the economy linked to Russia after 1991 was gradually counteracted by the market economic reforms that the Kazakh government has adopted with rigor. One of the primary means of 119 This also causes tension with local population who frequently perceive oralman as a burden on them, something akin to how illegal immigration is perceived in the US with one important difference: oralman are invited officially and yet perceived as unwanted consumers of the limited state resources (Interview with Aktau newspaper journalists, 8/6/2009) |
