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92
19 years between 1970 and 1989) and it exploded by 28% in 10 years after. (
Figure 6) At the same time, the total urban population dropped by over 40 thousand people or by 14.1% of the 1989 level in 1999; while the rural population (essentially, all ethnic Kazakhs) almost doubled from 37 thousand to 67 thousand in the same time period. (Ibid) The data implies that while the Kazakh population grew (not the least thanks to the migration), the non-Kazakh population left the region in large numbers, returning to their respective countries.118
Figure 6: Urban Population by Ethnicity and Total Urban and Rural Population in Mangystau Oblast 1970-1999
Source: (Itogi perepisi naseleniia 1999 goda po Mangistauskoy Oblasti, 2000, p. 16)
While Kazakhstan as a whole and Mangystau in particular were trying to recover from the post-Soviet recession and economic dependence on Russia and high levels of unemployment; Aktau and the region as a whole swelled with the Kazakh repatriates (oralman in Kazakh), who by the virtue of staying away from the Soviet reforms in the
118 Some non-Kazakhs, who left Aktau in the early 90s, returned later in the late 1990s – early 2000s (interview with a non-Kazakh journalist in Aktau, 8/10/2009)
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Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 98 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 92 19 years between 1970 and 1989) and it exploded by 28% in 10 years after. ( Figure 6) At the same time, the total urban population dropped by over 40 thousand people or by 14.1% of the 1989 level in 1999; while the rural population (essentially, all ethnic Kazakhs) almost doubled from 37 thousand to 67 thousand in the same time period. (Ibid) The data implies that while the Kazakh population grew (not the least thanks to the migration), the non-Kazakh population left the region in large numbers, returning to their respective countries.118 Figure 6: Urban Population by Ethnicity and Total Urban and Rural Population in Mangystau Oblast 1970-1999 Source: (Itogi perepisi naseleniia 1999 goda po Mangistauskoy Oblasti, 2000, p. 16) While Kazakhstan as a whole and Mangystau in particular were trying to recover from the post-Soviet recession and economic dependence on Russia and high levels of unemployment; Aktau and the region as a whole swelled with the Kazakh repatriates (oralman in Kazakh), who by the virtue of staying away from the Soviet reforms in the 118 Some non-Kazakhs, who left Aktau in the early 90s, returned later in the late 1990s – early 2000s (interview with a non-Kazakh journalist in Aktau, 8/10/2009) 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1970 1979 1989 1999 Urban Kazakh, % Urban Non-Kazakh, % Total Urban Population Total Rural Population |
