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77
Turkmenistan to south and Uzbekistan to south-east. Mangystau is mainly inhabited by the Kazakh tribe of Adai, who are part of a larger Baiuly tribe within the Small Horde.
85 It is a very arid area with a variety of geological formations – including semi-deserts and plateau Ustyurt all of which lack fresh water sources and have only a token 120-160mm amount of annual precipitation in comparison to average 400mm annual precipitation all over the Kazakhstan. (Aiagan, 2006, p. 477) (Masanov N. , 1995, p. 41)
Adai is a very large tribe and as a consequence of the mass exodus during the Soviet collectivization many of Mangystau’s Kazakhs have found themselves in Iran and Turkmenistan, which today translates into closer political relations between the region and those countries. For example, residents of Mangystau, unlike the rest of Kazakhstan and the world, do not require a visa to enter their closely guarded and tightly controlled neighbor – Turkmenistan.86
The aridity in the region explains the relatively small population most of which is composed of the descendants of traditional nomads who lived here for thousands of years. Some Kazakhs in the region claim that they are related to ancient Shumerian tribes who were forced to move to Mangystau region thousands of years ago. (Kalbaev, 2009) A more realistic genealogical connection is established with Saka (Scythians) who emerged in the area about 3 thousand years ago and laid foundation to the rich historical heritage the region possesses today: a large number of religious and symbolic
85 See discussion of Hordes and tribes in Chapter 1
86 Another major reason for such special relations is that there is a sizeable Turkmen community in Mangystau, whose ancestors controlled this land before the arrival of the Kazakh nomads.
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 83 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 77 Turkmenistan to south and Uzbekistan to south-east. Mangystau is mainly inhabited by the Kazakh tribe of Adai, who are part of a larger Baiuly tribe within the Small Horde. 85 It is a very arid area with a variety of geological formations – including semi-deserts and plateau Ustyurt all of which lack fresh water sources and have only a token 120-160mm amount of annual precipitation in comparison to average 400mm annual precipitation all over the Kazakhstan. (Aiagan, 2006, p. 477) (Masanov N. , 1995, p. 41) Adai is a very large tribe and as a consequence of the mass exodus during the Soviet collectivization many of Mangystau’s Kazakhs have found themselves in Iran and Turkmenistan, which today translates into closer political relations between the region and those countries. For example, residents of Mangystau, unlike the rest of Kazakhstan and the world, do not require a visa to enter their closely guarded and tightly controlled neighbor – Turkmenistan.86 The aridity in the region explains the relatively small population most of which is composed of the descendants of traditional nomads who lived here for thousands of years. Some Kazakhs in the region claim that they are related to ancient Shumerian tribes who were forced to move to Mangystau region thousands of years ago. (Kalbaev, 2009) A more realistic genealogical connection is established with Saka (Scythians) who emerged in the area about 3 thousand years ago and laid foundation to the rich historical heritage the region possesses today: a large number of religious and symbolic 85 See discussion of Hordes and tribes in Chapter 1 86 Another major reason for such special relations is that there is a sizeable Turkmen community in Mangystau, whose ancestors controlled this land before the arrival of the Kazakh nomads. |
