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62
northern part of Kazakhstan which is populated predominantly by Russians.71 However, the government of Kazakhstan was still very mindful of the neighbor to the north and maintained close relations with it since independence partly to ameliorate the fears of the ethnic Russians of being marginalized in Kazakhstan, and partly due to the post-colonial dependence. This policy succeeded to a certain extent as the actual policies of increased Kazakhification (indigenization) of the government and culture contradicting public pronouncements of creating multi-ethnic society in Kazakhstan and prompting a mass exodus of Russians to Russia72 on the one hand but prevented a wide-scale inter-ethnic violence on the other.
The extent and degree to which nation building processes are divisive as well as unifying could only be established when compared to other factors that may influence national cohesiveness. It is important to consider alternative theories, offered in the existing literature that may provide a tentative explanation for the relative weakness of ethnic identity in Kazakhstan, such as:
• Kazakhstan is still in the process of constructing its identity. The Kazakh ethnic group has a very recent history of coherent national thought dating back to the Soviet ethnic policies that delineated Muslim Central Asia into 5 distinct republics. A couple of decades since independence is not enough time to
71 Under Russian colonization policies, north of Kazakhstan became a destination for a large number of Russian peasants in 18th century (see Chapter 1 for more details)
72 In the period from 1989 to 1999, over 2 million people has left Kazakhstan, mostly Russians and Germans. (Dave, 2007, p. 128)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 68 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 62 northern part of Kazakhstan which is populated predominantly by Russians.71 However, the government of Kazakhstan was still very mindful of the neighbor to the north and maintained close relations with it since independence partly to ameliorate the fears of the ethnic Russians of being marginalized in Kazakhstan, and partly due to the post-colonial dependence. This policy succeeded to a certain extent as the actual policies of increased Kazakhification (indigenization) of the government and culture contradicting public pronouncements of creating multi-ethnic society in Kazakhstan and prompting a mass exodus of Russians to Russia72 on the one hand but prevented a wide-scale inter-ethnic violence on the other. The extent and degree to which nation building processes are divisive as well as unifying could only be established when compared to other factors that may influence national cohesiveness. It is important to consider alternative theories, offered in the existing literature that may provide a tentative explanation for the relative weakness of ethnic identity in Kazakhstan, such as: • Kazakhstan is still in the process of constructing its identity. The Kazakh ethnic group has a very recent history of coherent national thought dating back to the Soviet ethnic policies that delineated Muslim Central Asia into 5 distinct republics. A couple of decades since independence is not enough time to 71 Under Russian colonization policies, north of Kazakhstan became a destination for a large number of Russian peasants in 18th century (see Chapter 1 for more details) 72 In the period from 1989 to 1999, over 2 million people has left Kazakhstan, mostly Russians and Germans. (Dave, 2007, p. 128) |
