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38
The policies of assimilation of the Kazakhs into the Soviet model of citizenship had a profound effect on the process of their national identity formation. This introduced a whole new level of fragmentation among the Kazakhs which lingers to this day. The aftermath of Zheltoqsan and the subsequent emergence of proto-nationalist movements in Kazakhstan did not guide the Kazakhs to pursue sovereignty in 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed and they gained sovereignty by default. The following years of defining the national identity of the Kazakhs and the republic became one of the priorities of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who rose to power in the 1980s to become the head of the state in 1989.
Conclusion
This chapter’s goal was to present a brief summary of the historical factors that have affected the formation of the national identity of the Kazakhs. After the few centuries of independent Kazakh khanate, the turbulent relationship between the Kazakhs and the Russian state started off in the 18th century when the former requested a protectorate from the latter. In the 19th century, it evolved into an openly colonial incorporation of the Kazakh lands into Russia. In the early 20th century, the Soviet Union continued the colonization via “the state-sponsored effort to turn so-called backward peoples into nations – that is, to delineate new political boundaries and foster national-cultural distinctions – within the context of a unified state with a colonial-type economy and administrative structure which gave the Soviet Union its distinctive form.” (Hirsch, 2000, p. 204)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 44 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 38 The policies of assimilation of the Kazakhs into the Soviet model of citizenship had a profound effect on the process of their national identity formation. This introduced a whole new level of fragmentation among the Kazakhs which lingers to this day. The aftermath of Zheltoqsan and the subsequent emergence of proto-nationalist movements in Kazakhstan did not guide the Kazakhs to pursue sovereignty in 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed and they gained sovereignty by default. The following years of defining the national identity of the Kazakhs and the republic became one of the priorities of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who rose to power in the 1980s to become the head of the state in 1989. Conclusion This chapter’s goal was to present a brief summary of the historical factors that have affected the formation of the national identity of the Kazakhs. After the few centuries of independent Kazakh khanate, the turbulent relationship between the Kazakhs and the Russian state started off in the 18th century when the former requested a protectorate from the latter. In the 19th century, it evolved into an openly colonial incorporation of the Kazakh lands into Russia. In the early 20th century, the Soviet Union continued the colonization via “the state-sponsored effort to turn so-called backward peoples into nations – that is, to delineate new political boundaries and foster national-cultural distinctions – within the context of a unified state with a colonial-type economy and administrative structure which gave the Soviet Union its distinctive form.” (Hirsch, 2000, p. 204) |
