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34
variety of interpretations, in last few years the Kazakh historians and politicians tend to portray them as the harbinger of the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union and the precursor for the Kazakh attempt to revive their national consciousness, previously suppressed by the Russian and Soviet colonization policies.
47
In 1986, it was the era of Perestroika in the Soviet Union, initiated by young and energetic Gorbachev who sought to revitalize the country in the face of mounting economic and social issues. As part of his reforms, he changed cadres including many republican leaders. Kunaev, an ethnic Kazakh who headed the Kazakh SSR for 24 years was replaced by Kolbin, a Russian party functionary who never had any experience not only in the Kazakh SSR but anywhere in Central Asia. This caused a strong reaction among the Kazakh students who took to the streets from December 17 to 25 in several towns across the republic. The largest of these demonstrations occurred in Almaty which was put down by special military forces with great violence. (Tabeev, 2006)
While the interpretations of events range from the offense to “the national honor” and the sign of reawakening Kazakh national identity (Tabeev, 2006, p. 15) to Gorbachev’s honest attempt to fight the corrupt Soviet bureaucratic establishment and to insure the reforms in the republic (Dave, 2007, p. 88) which was used as a pretext by criminals to incite disorder (Ibid, p. 71); one approach notes the fact that the primary reason for the Kazakh youth’s reaction was a demonstration of the implicit distrust of the
47 Such interpretation of 1986 events has not been politically possible until the last few years when the Kazakhs finally became a majority in their own country: before, the presence of a sizeable Russian minority required a very careful analytical treatment of these riots to avoid provoking inter-ethnic strife in the country.
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 40 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 34 variety of interpretations, in last few years the Kazakh historians and politicians tend to portray them as the harbinger of the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union and the precursor for the Kazakh attempt to revive their national consciousness, previously suppressed by the Russian and Soviet colonization policies. 47 In 1986, it was the era of Perestroika in the Soviet Union, initiated by young and energetic Gorbachev who sought to revitalize the country in the face of mounting economic and social issues. As part of his reforms, he changed cadres including many republican leaders. Kunaev, an ethnic Kazakh who headed the Kazakh SSR for 24 years was replaced by Kolbin, a Russian party functionary who never had any experience not only in the Kazakh SSR but anywhere in Central Asia. This caused a strong reaction among the Kazakh students who took to the streets from December 17 to 25 in several towns across the republic. The largest of these demonstrations occurred in Almaty which was put down by special military forces with great violence. (Tabeev, 2006) While the interpretations of events range from the offense to “the national honor” and the sign of reawakening Kazakh national identity (Tabeev, 2006, p. 15) to Gorbachev’s honest attempt to fight the corrupt Soviet bureaucratic establishment and to insure the reforms in the republic (Dave, 2007, p. 88) which was used as a pretext by criminals to incite disorder (Ibid, p. 71); one approach notes the fact that the primary reason for the Kazakh youth’s reaction was a demonstration of the implicit distrust of the 47 Such interpretation of 1986 events has not been politically possible until the last few years when the Kazakhs finally became a majority in their own country: before, the presence of a sizeable Russian minority required a very careful analytical treatment of these riots to avoid provoking inter-ethnic strife in the country. |
