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32
was never developed locally but rather dictated by the Soviet superiors from Moscow
45 to insure that Russia held a prominent place in it. (Ibid, p. 197)
The Russian language was gradually becoming the primary language of communication in the Kazakh republic. It provided the path to success. For example, it was the primary language of instruction in higher education, where only a few professors were ethnic Kazakh, 23.1% in 1966 versus 55.3% ethnic Russian professors. (Narodnoe khoziaistvo Kazakhstana. Statisticheskiy sbornik, 1968, p. 344) Moreover, until the late 1950s, entry examinations were conducted only in the Russian language which severely reduced the admission rate of ethnic Kazakh students. In 1966, only 36.7% of all students in higher education were Kazakh. (Ibid, p. 341) The Kazakh youth was not happy with the situation, and in the same year, they protested the widespread use of Russian and demanded instruction in Kazakh in several institutions of higher education across the republic. (Abzhanov, 2007, pp. 194-195)
Russian traditions in art also had a very significant impact on the Kazakh art. Many new schools of art were introduced in the areas of architecture, music, drawing, sculpture and so on. The traditional Kazakh musical traditions in particular did not receive enough official recognition due to the fact that most of the officials in the music world were non-Kazakhs. Just as in other institutions of higher education, the Music Conservatory of the Kazakh republic was dominated by non-Kazakh professionals. (Kapaeva, 2004, p. 133) Whenever Kazakh intelligentsia tried to raise awareness about
45 Moscow embodied the ultimate authority of the rigidly hierarchical Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) which controlled every facet of the politics and culture in the entire country from this city
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 38 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 32 was never developed locally but rather dictated by the Soviet superiors from Moscow 45 to insure that Russia held a prominent place in it. (Ibid, p. 197) The Russian language was gradually becoming the primary language of communication in the Kazakh republic. It provided the path to success. For example, it was the primary language of instruction in higher education, where only a few professors were ethnic Kazakh, 23.1% in 1966 versus 55.3% ethnic Russian professors. (Narodnoe khoziaistvo Kazakhstana. Statisticheskiy sbornik, 1968, p. 344) Moreover, until the late 1950s, entry examinations were conducted only in the Russian language which severely reduced the admission rate of ethnic Kazakh students. In 1966, only 36.7% of all students in higher education were Kazakh. (Ibid, p. 341) The Kazakh youth was not happy with the situation, and in the same year, they protested the widespread use of Russian and demanded instruction in Kazakh in several institutions of higher education across the republic. (Abzhanov, 2007, pp. 194-195) Russian traditions in art also had a very significant impact on the Kazakh art. Many new schools of art were introduced in the areas of architecture, music, drawing, sculpture and so on. The traditional Kazakh musical traditions in particular did not receive enough official recognition due to the fact that most of the officials in the music world were non-Kazakhs. Just as in other institutions of higher education, the Music Conservatory of the Kazakh republic was dominated by non-Kazakh professionals. (Kapaeva, 2004, p. 133) Whenever Kazakh intelligentsia tried to raise awareness about 45 Moscow embodied the ultimate authority of the rigidly hierarchical Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) which controlled every facet of the politics and culture in the entire country from this city |
