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26
address the most pressing issue of land reallocation which was a primary concern for all the Kazakhs at the time. (Ibid, p. 148)
Eventually, once the Bolsheviks gained the upper hand in the Civil War, it became evident that it was necessary to achieve an accommodation with them. The leader of the Alash government Baitursynov travelled to Moscow in 1919 to negotiate the reintegration of the Kazakh Steppe into the Soviet state. (Ibid, pp. 13-15) While short-lived, the declaration of independence and attempted self-governance of Alash Orda did have one important effect – it became a symbol of Kazakh sovereignty and the national independence movement in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. Members of Alash Orda also became an inspiration for the modern Kazakh nationalists.
The integration of the Kazakh steppe into the Soviet state followed what Hirsch termed a policy of “state-sponsored evolutionism.” (Hirsch, 2000, p. 203) This policy called for transforming the ‘backwards’ “feudal clans and tribes in order to push them along the imagined road to socialism.” (Ibid) The Kazakhs were a primary example of that. If at first, they were granted an autonomy in 1920 within the confines of Russia due to their geographical proximity to Russia proper as well as the now substantial Russian population in the Kazakh steppe; in 1936 a full-fledged Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was established in recognition of the independent national identity of the Kazakhs. More importantly, the delimitation of both the Kazakh ASSR and then a Union-level SSR laid foundation for the modern state of Kazakhstan – and also became the territorial expression of the national aspirations of the Kazakhs themselves who were denied that for the preceding two hundred years. (Istoriia Kazakhstana, 2010, pp. 176, 236)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 32 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 26 address the most pressing issue of land reallocation which was a primary concern for all the Kazakhs at the time. (Ibid, p. 148) Eventually, once the Bolsheviks gained the upper hand in the Civil War, it became evident that it was necessary to achieve an accommodation with them. The leader of the Alash government Baitursynov travelled to Moscow in 1919 to negotiate the reintegration of the Kazakh Steppe into the Soviet state. (Ibid, pp. 13-15) While short-lived, the declaration of independence and attempted self-governance of Alash Orda did have one important effect – it became a symbol of Kazakh sovereignty and the national independence movement in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. Members of Alash Orda also became an inspiration for the modern Kazakh nationalists. The integration of the Kazakh steppe into the Soviet state followed what Hirsch termed a policy of “state-sponsored evolutionism.” (Hirsch, 2000, p. 203) This policy called for transforming the ‘backwards’ “feudal clans and tribes in order to push them along the imagined road to socialism.” (Ibid) The Kazakhs were a primary example of that. If at first, they were granted an autonomy in 1920 within the confines of Russia due to their geographical proximity to Russia proper as well as the now substantial Russian population in the Kazakh steppe; in 1936 a full-fledged Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was established in recognition of the independent national identity of the Kazakhs. More importantly, the delimitation of both the Kazakh ASSR and then a Union-level SSR laid foundation for the modern state of Kazakhstan – and also became the territorial expression of the national aspirations of the Kazakhs themselves who were denied that for the preceding two hundred years. (Istoriia Kazakhstana, 2010, pp. 176, 236) |
