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25
assimilate the Kazakhs. The policy of taking over the most fertile arable lands to be settled by Russians and relocating the Kazakhs to desolate regions, essentially, reservations, was adopted.
33 (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 125)
The colonization of the Kazakh lands by the Russian Empire had a catastrophic impact on the former’s nomadic way of life: the land seizures, delimitation of the Steppe and, most of all, the resettlement of millions of Russian peasants altered profoundly their way of life. However, even bigger changes were yet to come as Russia itself was transformed by the revolutions of 1917.
The Ethno-Political Legacy of the Soviet Union in the Kazakh steppe
In 1917, after the February revolution in Russia, the Kazakhs instituted a political party under the name of Alash Orda with an expressed goal of freeing the Kazakh people from the colonial control and seeking autonomy within the Empire. The October 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia and ensuing uncertainty and devastation made achieving those goals impossible and Alash Orda moved to declare independence in December 1917. (Sabol, 2003, pp. 141-142) However, its rule was challenged by other Kazakh political parties34 and Alash was not able to govern effectively the entire Kazakh Steppe, not least because of the general chaos of the Civil War. In particular, Alash Orda failed to
33 “The postrebellion [1916] truce was designed to push the Kazakhs deeper into the desert and away from potentially irrigable farmlands.” (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 125)
34 In particular, an alternative Kazakh party of Ush Zhuz which competed with Alash Orda for the control over the Kazakh steppe (Sabol, 2003, pp. 143-144)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 31 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 25 assimilate the Kazakhs. The policy of taking over the most fertile arable lands to be settled by Russians and relocating the Kazakhs to desolate regions, essentially, reservations, was adopted. 33 (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 125) The colonization of the Kazakh lands by the Russian Empire had a catastrophic impact on the former’s nomadic way of life: the land seizures, delimitation of the Steppe and, most of all, the resettlement of millions of Russian peasants altered profoundly their way of life. However, even bigger changes were yet to come as Russia itself was transformed by the revolutions of 1917. The Ethno-Political Legacy of the Soviet Union in the Kazakh steppe In 1917, after the February revolution in Russia, the Kazakhs instituted a political party under the name of Alash Orda with an expressed goal of freeing the Kazakh people from the colonial control and seeking autonomy within the Empire. The October 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia and ensuing uncertainty and devastation made achieving those goals impossible and Alash Orda moved to declare independence in December 1917. (Sabol, 2003, pp. 141-142) However, its rule was challenged by other Kazakh political parties34 and Alash was not able to govern effectively the entire Kazakh Steppe, not least because of the general chaos of the Civil War. In particular, Alash Orda failed to 33 “The postrebellion [1916] truce was designed to push the Kazakhs deeper into the desert and away from potentially irrigable farmlands.” (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 125) 34 In particular, an alternative Kazakh party of Ush Zhuz which competed with Alash Orda for the control over the Kazakh steppe (Sabol, 2003, pp. 143-144) |
