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24
prompted Russia to shift its policy: if from the beginning of the war, the Kazakhs were only required to turn in increasing numbers of livestock to support the war effort, in 1916 the Russian government began to recruit young Kazakh men as well to reinforce the dwindling numbers of its army.
32 The Kazakhs had been losing all means of livelihood due to the Russian colonial policies, the land and cattle in particular; the wartime requisitioning sped up the process considerably. When in 1916 Russia started to conscript the Kazakh youth, it was already an explosive situation in the Kazakh Steppe. The resulting outbreak of resistance was so strong and violent that it is deemed to have been the largest anti-colonial and even anti-Russian uprising since Kinesary’s rebellion of the 19th century. The Kazakhs who joined the revolt did not only attack the colonial administration but also the peasant settlers on their land, expressing their long-held grievance against the Russian policies of land seizures for the settlement purposes. (Olcott M. , 1995, pp. 119-122)
Russian troops were deployed to put down the rebellion. While there are no exact numbers available to estimate the losses on the Kazakh side, this revolt had a profound effect on the Kazakh population. Its numbers were reduced not only due to the casualties caused by fighting and emigration of the Kazakhs to China and elsewhere, but also due to the persistent famine caused by livestock being either requisitioned by the imperial government or slaughtered during the fighting. More importantly, in the wake of this insurrection, the Russian authorities concluded that it was no longer possible to culturally
32 Mostly as rear support labor troops rather than frontline fighters that the Kazakh nationalists like Bokeikhanov preferred. (Sabol, 2003, p. 85)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 30 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 24 prompted Russia to shift its policy: if from the beginning of the war, the Kazakhs were only required to turn in increasing numbers of livestock to support the war effort, in 1916 the Russian government began to recruit young Kazakh men as well to reinforce the dwindling numbers of its army. 32 The Kazakhs had been losing all means of livelihood due to the Russian colonial policies, the land and cattle in particular; the wartime requisitioning sped up the process considerably. When in 1916 Russia started to conscript the Kazakh youth, it was already an explosive situation in the Kazakh Steppe. The resulting outbreak of resistance was so strong and violent that it is deemed to have been the largest anti-colonial and even anti-Russian uprising since Kinesary’s rebellion of the 19th century. The Kazakhs who joined the revolt did not only attack the colonial administration but also the peasant settlers on their land, expressing their long-held grievance against the Russian policies of land seizures for the settlement purposes. (Olcott M. , 1995, pp. 119-122) Russian troops were deployed to put down the rebellion. While there are no exact numbers available to estimate the losses on the Kazakh side, this revolt had a profound effect on the Kazakh population. Its numbers were reduced not only due to the casualties caused by fighting and emigration of the Kazakhs to China and elsewhere, but also due to the persistent famine caused by livestock being either requisitioned by the imperial government or slaughtered during the fighting. More importantly, in the wake of this insurrection, the Russian authorities concluded that it was no longer possible to culturally 32 Mostly as rear support labor troops rather than frontline fighters that the Kazakh nationalists like Bokeikhanov preferred. (Sabol, 2003, p. 85) |
