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19
poverty and famine. Still, very few Kazakhs abandoned their nomadic pursuits in favor of agriculture and even those who did, grew crops only to feed their cattle rather than for themselves. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 84) (Masanov N. , 1995, p. 234)
The pastoral nomadic ways of the Kazakhs experienced the largest setback yet in the post-reform era when Russia abolished serfdom in 1861-1866, freeing millions of peasants and unleashing their land hunger. While initially, the former serfs were kept as cheap workforce in the European parts of the empire, further economic reforms and lack of land there prompted a mass peasant exodus to Siberia,26 where large stretches of land were gradually brought into the fold of the growing Russia by the expeditions of the fur trappers and Cossacks. If at first, the Russian government discouraged migration at a large scale and even tried to stop it, eventually it recognized the benefit of granting available land to the masses of impoverished peasants as a measure of solving the economic problems, in particular the issue of declining agricultural production. (Sabol, 2003, pp. 41-42) Consequently, the Russian government decided to allow the migration and even started making plans to that effect.
The Kazakh steppes became the primary destinate for peasant relocation in the process. In 1863, the Kazakh lands were declared state property; and in 1891 it was determined that there was a great deal of ‘surplus’ land which the Kazakh nomads had no use for, at least from the Russian point of view. The 1889 Resettlement Act introduced a set of policies allowing any peasant from European Russia to resettle to certain provinces
26 Russians and other subjects of the Russian empire have been coming to Siberia and Central Asia for hundreds of years in search of a better life. However, the migration was limited, mostly illegal or driven by defensive measures of the Russian government. (Bell-Fialkoff, 2000, p. 71)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 25 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 19 poverty and famine. Still, very few Kazakhs abandoned their nomadic pursuits in favor of agriculture and even those who did, grew crops only to feed their cattle rather than for themselves. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 84) (Masanov N. , 1995, p. 234) The pastoral nomadic ways of the Kazakhs experienced the largest setback yet in the post-reform era when Russia abolished serfdom in 1861-1866, freeing millions of peasants and unleashing their land hunger. While initially, the former serfs were kept as cheap workforce in the European parts of the empire, further economic reforms and lack of land there prompted a mass peasant exodus to Siberia,26 where large stretches of land were gradually brought into the fold of the growing Russia by the expeditions of the fur trappers and Cossacks. If at first, the Russian government discouraged migration at a large scale and even tried to stop it, eventually it recognized the benefit of granting available land to the masses of impoverished peasants as a measure of solving the economic problems, in particular the issue of declining agricultural production. (Sabol, 2003, pp. 41-42) Consequently, the Russian government decided to allow the migration and even started making plans to that effect. The Kazakh steppes became the primary destinate for peasant relocation in the process. In 1863, the Kazakh lands were declared state property; and in 1891 it was determined that there was a great deal of ‘surplus’ land which the Kazakh nomads had no use for, at least from the Russian point of view. The 1889 Resettlement Act introduced a set of policies allowing any peasant from European Russia to resettle to certain provinces 26 Russians and other subjects of the Russian empire have been coming to Siberia and Central Asia for hundreds of years in search of a better life. However, the migration was limited, mostly illegal or driven by defensive measures of the Russian government. (Bell-Fialkoff, 2000, p. 71) |
