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17
troops
23 and their families, teaching the Kazakhs a lesson in private ownership of land.24 Essentially, the environment that gave birth to the Kazakh nation of nomads was being gradually appropriated by the expanding sedentary agricultural empire for its own purposes. Moreover, Russia saw itself as a benevolent power, bringing civilization and progress to the backwards nomad barbarians. The 1822 reforms aimed to convert the Kazakhs into sedentary peasants, an act of which was deemed beneficial for them since the Russian administration considered the nomadic way of life inherently inferior to that of the settled people. (Martin, 2000, p. 40)
The forced transition to sedentary agriculture was not an easy choice for the nomads, who considered it somewhat beneath their dignity. Shrinking pasture lands lead to the conflicts between the Kazakh tribes and they started to clash with one another as they did in the past with Kalmyks and Dzhunghar. The tensions due to the competition over pasture lands, access to water and other shrinking resources lead to an alienation between the Kazakh tribes within their tribal federations, and had a negative impact on Kazakh identity because these sub-national allegiances became more and more important due the intensifying rivalry. The administrative reforms also contributed to this estrangement by increasing the administrative powers of the local authorities of individual Kazakh tribes at the expense of Khans. Ultimately, the Russian legal and administrative reforms aimed to curtail the Kazakhs’ reliance on pastoral nomadism as an incentive to settle. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 99)
23 Most of whom were Cossacks
24 The Kazakh traditionally did not own the land, it was held in communal ownership instead
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 23 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 17 troops 23 and their families, teaching the Kazakhs a lesson in private ownership of land.24 Essentially, the environment that gave birth to the Kazakh nation of nomads was being gradually appropriated by the expanding sedentary agricultural empire for its own purposes. Moreover, Russia saw itself as a benevolent power, bringing civilization and progress to the backwards nomad barbarians. The 1822 reforms aimed to convert the Kazakhs into sedentary peasants, an act of which was deemed beneficial for them since the Russian administration considered the nomadic way of life inherently inferior to that of the settled people. (Martin, 2000, p. 40) The forced transition to sedentary agriculture was not an easy choice for the nomads, who considered it somewhat beneath their dignity. Shrinking pasture lands lead to the conflicts between the Kazakh tribes and they started to clash with one another as they did in the past with Kalmyks and Dzhunghar. The tensions due to the competition over pasture lands, access to water and other shrinking resources lead to an alienation between the Kazakh tribes within their tribal federations, and had a negative impact on Kazakh identity because these sub-national allegiances became more and more important due the intensifying rivalry. The administrative reforms also contributed to this estrangement by increasing the administrative powers of the local authorities of individual Kazakh tribes at the expense of Khans. Ultimately, the Russian legal and administrative reforms aimed to curtail the Kazakhs’ reliance on pastoral nomadism as an incentive to settle. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 99) 23 Most of whom were Cossacks 24 The Kazakh traditionally did not own the land, it was held in communal ownership instead |
