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15
Great Britain in Asia.
19 This process was initiated in 1784 with an administrative reform to reinforce Khan’s powers in the Small Horde and culminated with an abolishment of the Khan position entirely in favor of an indirect Russian administrative control over the steppe in 1822. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 46 and 58)
The Great Horde’s incorporation into the Russian empire was much more difficult as its lands were also coveted by expansionary and powerful Central Asian khanates of Kokand and Khiva which sought to control the trade routes from China passing through the Great Horde’s territory in the early 19th century. (Istoriia Kazakhstana, 2000, p. 283) Driven by the Great Game,20 Russia resorted to force and captured Syr Darya towns in order to expand its control over the lands of the Great Horde in the mid 19th century. The exact dates and duration of the Russian expansion to include the Great Horde into the empire and the final date of incorporation of all the Kazakhs are subject to controversy, complicated by the uncertain allegiances of the Kazakh tribes of the Great Horde some of whom supported the Russians and others – Kokand. By one estimate, the final incorporation of the Great Horde came in the 1850s when Russian military campaigns against Khiva and Kokand in the 1830s and 1840s resulted in the capture of the Great Horde territories in Semirechie and Syr Darya regions. This was followed by the erection of the additional military fort lines further into the Steppe. (Bekmakhanov, 1992, p. 345)
19 About the same time, Kazakh steppes also attracted attention of the British Empire which was looking past its Afghan holdings to engage in the Great Game with Russia over the Central Asia (Bekmakhanov, 1992, p. 116)
20 A diplomatic competition with the British Empire for the influence in Asia in the second half of 19th century. (Geyer, 1987, pp. 94-95)
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 21 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 15 Great Britain in Asia. 19 This process was initiated in 1784 with an administrative reform to reinforce Khan’s powers in the Small Horde and culminated with an abolishment of the Khan position entirely in favor of an indirect Russian administrative control over the steppe in 1822. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 46 and 58) The Great Horde’s incorporation into the Russian empire was much more difficult as its lands were also coveted by expansionary and powerful Central Asian khanates of Kokand and Khiva which sought to control the trade routes from China passing through the Great Horde’s territory in the early 19th century. (Istoriia Kazakhstana, 2000, p. 283) Driven by the Great Game,20 Russia resorted to force and captured Syr Darya towns in order to expand its control over the lands of the Great Horde in the mid 19th century. The exact dates and duration of the Russian expansion to include the Great Horde into the empire and the final date of incorporation of all the Kazakhs are subject to controversy, complicated by the uncertain allegiances of the Kazakh tribes of the Great Horde some of whom supported the Russians and others – Kokand. By one estimate, the final incorporation of the Great Horde came in the 1850s when Russian military campaigns against Khiva and Kokand in the 1830s and 1840s resulted in the capture of the Great Horde territories in Semirechie and Syr Darya regions. This was followed by the erection of the additional military fort lines further into the Steppe. (Bekmakhanov, 1992, p. 345) 19 About the same time, Kazakh steppes also attracted attention of the British Empire which was looking past its Afghan holdings to engage in the Great Game with Russia over the Central Asia (Bekmakhanov, 1992, p. 116) 20 A diplomatic competition with the British Empire for the influence in Asia in the second half of 19th century. (Geyer, 1987, pp. 94-95) |
