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13
national identity formation to this day by adding another layer of fragmentation within the Kazakh nation and by shaping regional political alliances.
Russian Protectorate
The Kazakhs found themselves divided and unable to mount an effective defense against external threats such as those presented by Oirats (Dzhunghar and Kalmyks)18 in the early 18th century. In fact, the Dzhunghar massive raids of that time were so traumatic in the collective memory of the Kazakhs that that time period is referred to as the “Years of the Great Calamity.” (Istoriia Kazakhstana, 2000, p. 156) On the other hand, Russia’s rapid population growth was driving its desire to expand, seeking additional territories and economic resources to sustain itself (Bell-Fialkoff, 2000, p. 61), and Russia was pressuring its various nomadic neighbors to submit to it. As a matter of fact, no other “state, not even China, contributed so much to defeating, driving back, and subduing the great warrior nomads.” (Chaliand, 2004, p. 101)
In these circumstances, the Khan of the Small Horde, famous warrior and military chieftain Abu'l Khayr did not see any other choice but to turn to the Russian empire seeking protection against the Oirat threat. In 1731, his request was granted. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 27) At the same time, the Khan of the Middle Horde, Semeke, was approached by the Russians with the same offer to accept Russia’s protection and which he did in 1732. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 32) The Great Horde also received a similar offer but since it
18 Oirats are nomadic tribes who originated from Mongolia. Part of them moved westward close to the then Russian territory to become Kalmyks while the rest became known as Dzhunghar.
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 19 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 13 national identity formation to this day by adding another layer of fragmentation within the Kazakh nation and by shaping regional political alliances. Russian Protectorate The Kazakhs found themselves divided and unable to mount an effective defense against external threats such as those presented by Oirats (Dzhunghar and Kalmyks)18 in the early 18th century. In fact, the Dzhunghar massive raids of that time were so traumatic in the collective memory of the Kazakhs that that time period is referred to as the “Years of the Great Calamity.” (Istoriia Kazakhstana, 2000, p. 156) On the other hand, Russia’s rapid population growth was driving its desire to expand, seeking additional territories and economic resources to sustain itself (Bell-Fialkoff, 2000, p. 61), and Russia was pressuring its various nomadic neighbors to submit to it. As a matter of fact, no other “state, not even China, contributed so much to defeating, driving back, and subduing the great warrior nomads.” (Chaliand, 2004, p. 101) In these circumstances, the Khan of the Small Horde, famous warrior and military chieftain Abu'l Khayr did not see any other choice but to turn to the Russian empire seeking protection against the Oirat threat. In 1731, his request was granted. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 27) At the same time, the Khan of the Middle Horde, Semeke, was approached by the Russians with the same offer to accept Russia’s protection and which he did in 1732. (Olcott M. , 1995, p. 32) The Great Horde also received a similar offer but since it 18 Oirats are nomadic tribes who originated from Mongolia. Part of them moved westward close to the then Russian territory to become Kalmyks while the rest became known as Dzhunghar. |
