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12
The exact causes and dates of the Horde division are subject to the same controversy as is the origins of the Kazakh nation itself. What is certain that the partition was both political and social. Sometime in 16 century, each Horde started to elect their own Khan who behaved as a sovereign on their behalf without necessarily pledging allegiance to the Khan of all the Kazakhs. The Hordes’ primary purpose, however, is believed to be to provide an extra layer of social hierarchy within the Kazakh nomadic society. (Sultanov T. I., 2003, p. 152) The names of the Hordes had nothing to do with their size. For example, the Middle Horde was the largest, but it was in the middle in terms of privileges and social status expressed in the distribution of the spoils of war, or seating arrangement during a meeting, respect paid to its members and so on. (Ibid)
A better explanation of the Horde emergence is offered by Masanov who approaches the issue from his position of geographical possibilism. (Masanov N. , 1995) He argues that the Hordes evolved from three different geographical climate zones in Kazakhstan: the already mentioned Zhety-su (Semirechie), Central Kazakhstan and Western Kazakhstan areas. These zones varied slightly in terms of aridity, soil fertility, and access to fresh water. Thus, the Kazakh nomads adopted slightly different lifestyles and nomadic routes in these areas, creating a sub-set of sub-cultures within the general community of the Kazakh nomads and setting the stage for to the emergence of the three distinct Hordes. (Masanov, Abylhozhin, & Erofeeva, 2007, p. 82)
Whatever the reason, the arrival of the Hordes has fundamentally affected identity of the Kazakhs and have had a significant role in determining the course of politics and
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 18 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 12 The exact causes and dates of the Horde division are subject to the same controversy as is the origins of the Kazakh nation itself. What is certain that the partition was both political and social. Sometime in 16 century, each Horde started to elect their own Khan who behaved as a sovereign on their behalf without necessarily pledging allegiance to the Khan of all the Kazakhs. The Hordes’ primary purpose, however, is believed to be to provide an extra layer of social hierarchy within the Kazakh nomadic society. (Sultanov T. I., 2003, p. 152) The names of the Hordes had nothing to do with their size. For example, the Middle Horde was the largest, but it was in the middle in terms of privileges and social status expressed in the distribution of the spoils of war, or seating arrangement during a meeting, respect paid to its members and so on. (Ibid) A better explanation of the Horde emergence is offered by Masanov who approaches the issue from his position of geographical possibilism. (Masanov N. , 1995) He argues that the Hordes evolved from three different geographical climate zones in Kazakhstan: the already mentioned Zhety-su (Semirechie), Central Kazakhstan and Western Kazakhstan areas. These zones varied slightly in terms of aridity, soil fertility, and access to fresh water. Thus, the Kazakh nomads adopted slightly different lifestyles and nomadic routes in these areas, creating a sub-set of sub-cultures within the general community of the Kazakh nomads and setting the stage for to the emergence of the three distinct Hordes. (Masanov, Abylhozhin, & Erofeeva, 2007, p. 82) Whatever the reason, the arrival of the Hordes has fundamentally affected identity of the Kazakhs and have had a significant role in determining the course of politics and |
