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9
any Kazakh will slaughter the last remaining livestock animal to welcome and feed a guest even if it means hunger for his own family. (Kshibekov, 2006, p. 20) The nomadic way of life became the common denominator in the Kazakh steppes, the foundation for the shared memories and legacy of the nomads, defining their “mass culture” (Smith A. D., 1995, p. 14), stored and transmitted via the aforementioned oral music and poetic traditions. Today, the nomadic past of the Kazakhs is being highlighted as the definitive characteristic of the Kazakh nationhood
14 in the modern nationalist rhetoric, as it will be discussed in more detail in the subsequent chapters.
The Fragmentation of the Kazakh Nation
Unfortunately, the unity of the Kazakhs proved to be unstable. The Kazakh khanate was subject to centrifugal forces and only a few Khans, Qasym (1511-1523) and Tauke (1680-1718) in particular, were able to govern all of the Kazakhs unlike many other Khans. In the early 16th century, a tri-partite political division of the Kazakhs came forth when they split onto three Zhuses (Hordes or Hundreds) known as the Great (Ulu) Horde, Middle (Orta) Horde and Small (Kishi) Horde. These were tribal federations, each of which included a number of separate patrilineal groupings or tribes, and associated with a specific progenitor, or father-figure. In the late 17th-early 18th century, Khan Tauke is credited with overcoming this division to unite the Kazakhs once more by establishing a council of bis15 from all three Hordes. Of the latter, most notable are Tole Bi (the Great
14 A prominent history professor at the Eurasian University, Astana, noted that Kazakhs were a united people during the nomadic period of their history (interviewed on 6/29/2009)
15 Bi was traditionally a judge in the Kazakh nomadic society
Object Description
| Title | Market reforms, foreign direct investment and national identity: Non-national identity of Kazakhstan |
| Author | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Author email | janalin_a@yahoo.com; zhanalin@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | International Relations |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-22 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-29 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | English, Robert |
| Advisor (committee member) |
James, Patrick Rorlich, Azade-Ayse |
| Abstract | The present study offers an analysis of the concept of non-national identity in application to the Republic of Kazakhstan as the most likely case. The primary hypothesis is that newly independent states, which are undergoing a rapid transition to market economy and actively pursue integration in the world economy and foreign direct investment, will experience fragmentation of their national identity, defined as non-national identity.; Three sites in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Astana and Aktau, were chosen for the study as representative of the market reforms in the republic as well as the best examples of the country’s pursuit of foreign direct investment and integration into the global economy. The data collected indicates that while Kazakhstan does demonstrate fragmentation of its national identity, it is not necessarily caused by the market reforms and the participation in the global trade. Alternative causal variables such as the Soviet and Russian colonial legacy, intra-ethnic cleavages among the Kazakhs and the prevalence of multi-vector foreign policy were found to contribute to the development of non-national identity of Kazakhstan. The study’s results also suggest that in the last few years, Kazakh identity is experiencing a rather strong revival as well, which may yet counteract the existing factors leading to the emergence of the non-national identity of Kazakhstan. |
| Keyword | identity; nationalism; Kazakhstan; market reforms; globalization; foreign direct investment; national identity; countries in transition; foreign policy; culture; former Soviet Union; Central Asia; patronage networks; energy; oil; post-colonial legacy; nation-state |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Almaty; Astana; Aktau |
| Geographic subject (country) | Kazakhstan |
| Coverage date | 1970/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3812 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhanalin, Azamat |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhanalin-4506 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume51/etd-Zhanalin-4506.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 15 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 9 any Kazakh will slaughter the last remaining livestock animal to welcome and feed a guest even if it means hunger for his own family. (Kshibekov, 2006, p. 20) The nomadic way of life became the common denominator in the Kazakh steppes, the foundation for the shared memories and legacy of the nomads, defining their “mass culture” (Smith A. D., 1995, p. 14), stored and transmitted via the aforementioned oral music and poetic traditions. Today, the nomadic past of the Kazakhs is being highlighted as the definitive characteristic of the Kazakh nationhood 14 in the modern nationalist rhetoric, as it will be discussed in more detail in the subsequent chapters. The Fragmentation of the Kazakh Nation Unfortunately, the unity of the Kazakhs proved to be unstable. The Kazakh khanate was subject to centrifugal forces and only a few Khans, Qasym (1511-1523) and Tauke (1680-1718) in particular, were able to govern all of the Kazakhs unlike many other Khans. In the early 16th century, a tri-partite political division of the Kazakhs came forth when they split onto three Zhuses (Hordes or Hundreds) known as the Great (Ulu) Horde, Middle (Orta) Horde and Small (Kishi) Horde. These were tribal federations, each of which included a number of separate patrilineal groupings or tribes, and associated with a specific progenitor, or father-figure. In the late 17th-early 18th century, Khan Tauke is credited with overcoming this division to unite the Kazakhs once more by establishing a council of bis15 from all three Hordes. Of the latter, most notable are Tole Bi (the Great 14 A prominent history professor at the Eurasian University, Astana, noted that Kazakhs were a united people during the nomadic period of their history (interviewed on 6/29/2009) 15 Bi was traditionally a judge in the Kazakh nomadic society |
