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97
The value of the standard deviation was 327. The coefficient of variation for
the entire sample of 22 colleges is 0.121. The coefficient of variation omitting the two
outliers is 0.097. While there are variations from the benchmark, particularly with
Mira Costa College, the data are fairly tightly grouped around the mean; this is true
even when the outliers are included in calculating the coefficient of variation. Only
two Colleges, Mira Costa and Copper Mountain were beyond one standard deviation.
All other dollars per FTES are within the 1 standard deviation range of $2,348 and
$3,202 per FTES. Both Mira Costa and Copper Mountain varied from the benchmark
positively; their instructional expenditures were above the benchmark. Overall
however, there is little variation of dollars per FTES across the sample.
Looking more closely at the dispersion of dollars per FTES, the calculated z-scores
highlight precisely how far each college is from the mean. Alan Hancock
Community College has a z-score of zero, denoting that its instructional expenditures
is nearly identical to the refined mean. From the 22 college sample, 5 colleges have a
z-score of 1 or more. Interestingly, all 5 of these colleges had a positive z-score. They
include Cerritos, Palo Verdes, Antelope Valley, Copper Mountain, and Mira Costa
with z-scores of 1.04, 1.13. 1.77 and 2.87, respectively. None of the derived negative
z-scores were equal or greater than 1. In total, 12 colleges had a negative z-score. Alan
Hancock had a z-score of 0, and 9 colleges have a positive z-score (5 of which are
equal or greater than 1).
Object Description
| Title | Finance in the California community college: Comparative analysis and benchmarking of instructional expenditures |
| Author | Karamian, Martin |
| Author email | martinsfsu@netzero.com; karamim@piercecollege.edu |
| Degree | Doctor of Education |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | Education (Leadership) |
| School | Rossier School of Education |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-17 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-26 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | Picus, Lawrence O. |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Melguizo, Tatiana Vega, William |
| Abstract | The goals of this empirical study of community colleges are to 1) create a benchmark for per student instructional expenditures; and 2) account for variations in instructional expenditures among a peer group of community colleges in Southern California. The peer group sample included 22 single campus community college districts in the Los Angeles area. Using data for three fiscal years a refined mean benchmark value for instructional expenditures of $2,676.71 per full-time equivalent student (FTES) was estimated with a standard deviation of $326.54. Using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 11 variables were correlated with instructional costs per FTES. The largest and only statistically significant determinant included the number of part-time instructors (-0.424). While other variables were correlated, none were statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. The results from the sample suggest that larger colleges have lower instructional costs per FTES despite higher faculty pay. Expanding credit student enrollment within the funding growth limits set by the State, along with additional part-time instruction within the limits set by the State will likely result in lower instructional costs per FTES and an economy of scale effect. The effect of increased institutional size on quality of education was not assessed. |
| Keyword | finance; California; community college; comparative analysis; benchmarking; instructional expenditures; economics; higher education; spending; instruction; education; economy of scale |
| Geographic subject (state) | California |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1990/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3775 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Karamian, Martin |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Karamian-4454 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume23/etd-Karamian-4454.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 105 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 97 The value of the standard deviation was 327. The coefficient of variation for the entire sample of 22 colleges is 0.121. The coefficient of variation omitting the two outliers is 0.097. While there are variations from the benchmark, particularly with Mira Costa College, the data are fairly tightly grouped around the mean; this is true even when the outliers are included in calculating the coefficient of variation. Only two Colleges, Mira Costa and Copper Mountain were beyond one standard deviation. All other dollars per FTES are within the 1 standard deviation range of $2,348 and $3,202 per FTES. Both Mira Costa and Copper Mountain varied from the benchmark positively; their instructional expenditures were above the benchmark. Overall however, there is little variation of dollars per FTES across the sample. Looking more closely at the dispersion of dollars per FTES, the calculated z-scores highlight precisely how far each college is from the mean. Alan Hancock Community College has a z-score of zero, denoting that its instructional expenditures is nearly identical to the refined mean. From the 22 college sample, 5 colleges have a z-score of 1 or more. Interestingly, all 5 of these colleges had a positive z-score. They include Cerritos, Palo Verdes, Antelope Valley, Copper Mountain, and Mira Costa with z-scores of 1.04, 1.13. 1.77 and 2.87, respectively. None of the derived negative z-scores were equal or greater than 1. In total, 12 colleges had a negative z-score. Alan Hancock had a z-score of 0, and 9 colleges have a positive z-score (5 of which are equal or greater than 1). |
