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53 lower costs of unionizing large firms and higher costs of unionizing small firms. The administrative and overhead costs of unions are spread across a larger number of workers in large firms. While this study was limited to Australian firms, Hollister (2004) highlights that American firms also experience a “firm-size wage effect” (FSWE). Using pooled and annual regression analysis, the study found that large firms on average pay higher wages than small firms for workers with equivalent measured characteristics. Using the correlation of determination, the study found that a 1% increase in firm's size leads to 0.078% increase in wages for men and a 0.051% increase in wages for women. Pearce (1990) also describes a positive relationship between firm size and wages in regards to American firms. While the study found a positive correlation relationship for both union and non-union organizations between firm size and wages, the positive relationship was more pronounced in non-union firms. Looking beyond wages, Mellow (1982) attempts to analyze not just wages, but total compensation, including benefits such as pension and medical benefits. The study revealed that in measuring total compensation, not only firm size but also the membership of the union were directly related to total compensation. Larger union membership was tied to higher compensation. Conclusion New legislation and the push for accountability continue to shape and mold community college systems in the United States and within California. The mechanisms involved in the finance of the CCC also continue to become increasingly
Object Description
Title | Finance in the California community college: Comparative analysis and benchmarking of instructional expenditures |
Author | Karamian, Martin |
Author email | martinsfsu@netzero.com; karamim@piercecollege.edu |
Degree | Doctor of Education |
Document type | Dissertation |
Degree program | Education (Leadership) |
School | Rossier School of Education |
Date defended/completed | 2011-03-17 |
Date submitted | 2011 |
Restricted until | Unrestricted |
Date published | 2011-04-26 |
Advisor (committee chair) | Picus, Lawrence O. |
Advisor (committee member) |
Melguizo, Tatiana Vega, William |
Abstract | The goals of this empirical study of community colleges are to 1) create a benchmark for per student instructional expenditures; and 2) account for variations in instructional expenditures among a peer group of community colleges in Southern California. The peer group sample included 22 single campus community college districts in the Los Angeles area. Using data for three fiscal years a refined mean benchmark value for instructional expenditures of $2,676.71 per full-time equivalent student (FTES) was estimated with a standard deviation of $326.54. Using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 11 variables were correlated with instructional costs per FTES. The largest and only statistically significant determinant included the number of part-time instructors (-0.424). While other variables were correlated, none were statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. The results from the sample suggest that larger colleges have lower instructional costs per FTES despite higher faculty pay. Expanding credit student enrollment within the funding growth limits set by the State, along with additional part-time instruction within the limits set by the State will likely result in lower instructional costs per FTES and an economy of scale effect. The effect of increased institutional size on quality of education was not assessed. |
Keyword | finance; California; community college; comparative analysis; benchmarking; instructional expenditures; economics; higher education; spending; instruction; education; economy of scale |
Geographic subject (state) | California |
Geographic subject (country) | USA |
Coverage date | 1990/2010 |
Language | English |
Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
Type | texts |
Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3775 |
Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
Rights | Karamian, Martin |
Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
Filename | etd-Karamian-4454 |
Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume23/etd-Karamian-4454.pdf |
Description
Title | Page 61 |
Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
Full text | 53 lower costs of unionizing large firms and higher costs of unionizing small firms. The administrative and overhead costs of unions are spread across a larger number of workers in large firms. While this study was limited to Australian firms, Hollister (2004) highlights that American firms also experience a “firm-size wage effect” (FSWE). Using pooled and annual regression analysis, the study found that large firms on average pay higher wages than small firms for workers with equivalent measured characteristics. Using the correlation of determination, the study found that a 1% increase in firm's size leads to 0.078% increase in wages for men and a 0.051% increase in wages for women. Pearce (1990) also describes a positive relationship between firm size and wages in regards to American firms. While the study found a positive correlation relationship for both union and non-union organizations between firm size and wages, the positive relationship was more pronounced in non-union firms. Looking beyond wages, Mellow (1982) attempts to analyze not just wages, but total compensation, including benefits such as pension and medical benefits. The study revealed that in measuring total compensation, not only firm size but also the membership of the union were directly related to total compensation. Larger union membership was tied to higher compensation. Conclusion New legislation and the push for accountability continue to shape and mold community college systems in the United States and within California. The mechanisms involved in the finance of the CCC also continue to become increasingly |