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35
Community College Expenditures
No institution of higher education has unlimited resources and the ability to
meet all the needs and wants of all constituencies (Barr, 2002). As a result, CCC must
carefully allocate resources towards various costs appropriately. Common categories
of expenditures for community colleges include instruction, administration, student
services, libraries, research, public service, and operation and maintenance of the
physical plant (The Community College Finance Toolkit, 2007). Compensation for
faculty and staff are major issues in both public and private institutions (Barr, 2002).
Typically 85% of budgets are allocated directly to personnel costs, which results in a
heavy reliance of community colleges on adjunct instruction; adjuncts instructional
costs are low compared to full time professors. Usually the workforce at CCC, such as
faculty, is unionized, and the compliance requirements for employment, such as an
established pay scale, drive personnel costs (Barr, 2002). The smallest category of
costs tend be public service and research, which might be significant drivers of costs at
four-year institutions. Expenditures at community colleges have outpaced the
Consumer Price Index, and are projected to reach $48 billion nationwide by 2014
nationwide, increasing by 55% since 2001 alone (The Community College Finance
Toolkit, 2007). Research by Murphy (2004) reveals that 57% of CCC expenditures are
devoted to instructional services and instructional support. Student services and
admissions expenditures account for 13% of outlays.
Object Description
| Title | Finance in the California community college: Comparative analysis and benchmarking of instructional expenditures |
| Author | Karamian, Martin |
| Author email | martinsfsu@netzero.com; karamim@piercecollege.edu |
| Degree | Doctor of Education |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | Education (Leadership) |
| School | Rossier School of Education |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-03-17 |
| Date submitted | 2011 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2011-04-26 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | Picus, Lawrence O. |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Melguizo, Tatiana Vega, William |
| Abstract | The goals of this empirical study of community colleges are to 1) create a benchmark for per student instructional expenditures; and 2) account for variations in instructional expenditures among a peer group of community colleges in Southern California. The peer group sample included 22 single campus community college districts in the Los Angeles area. Using data for three fiscal years a refined mean benchmark value for instructional expenditures of $2,676.71 per full-time equivalent student (FTES) was estimated with a standard deviation of $326.54. Using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 11 variables were correlated with instructional costs per FTES. The largest and only statistically significant determinant included the number of part-time instructors (-0.424). While other variables were correlated, none were statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. The results from the sample suggest that larger colleges have lower instructional costs per FTES despite higher faculty pay. Expanding credit student enrollment within the funding growth limits set by the State, along with additional part-time instruction within the limits set by the State will likely result in lower instructional costs per FTES and an economy of scale effect. The effect of increased institutional size on quality of education was not assessed. |
| Keyword | finance; California; community college; comparative analysis; benchmarking; instructional expenditures; economics; higher education; spending; instruction; education; economy of scale |
| Geographic subject (state) | California |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1990/2010 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3775 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Karamian, Martin |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Karamian-4454 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume23/etd-Karamian-4454.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 43 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 35 Community College Expenditures No institution of higher education has unlimited resources and the ability to meet all the needs and wants of all constituencies (Barr, 2002). As a result, CCC must carefully allocate resources towards various costs appropriately. Common categories of expenditures for community colleges include instruction, administration, student services, libraries, research, public service, and operation and maintenance of the physical plant (The Community College Finance Toolkit, 2007). Compensation for faculty and staff are major issues in both public and private institutions (Barr, 2002). Typically 85% of budgets are allocated directly to personnel costs, which results in a heavy reliance of community colleges on adjunct instruction; adjuncts instructional costs are low compared to full time professors. Usually the workforce at CCC, such as faculty, is unionized, and the compliance requirements for employment, such as an established pay scale, drive personnel costs (Barr, 2002). The smallest category of costs tend be public service and research, which might be significant drivers of costs at four-year institutions. Expenditures at community colleges have outpaced the Consumer Price Index, and are projected to reach $48 billion nationwide by 2014 nationwide, increasing by 55% since 2001 alone (The Community College Finance Toolkit, 2007). Research by Murphy (2004) reveals that 57% of CCC expenditures are devoted to instructional services and instructional support. Student services and admissions expenditures account for 13% of outlays. |
