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159
poem. Once again, the rule of hypodescent rules and black over-rides any
other racial/ ethnic identification. The active participants she is
attempting to reach are self-identified black males, for whom (one
assumes) the choice to be part of the revolution is straight-forward and
self-evident.
Chicano/a poetry of the era addresses the idea of mixed-race very
differently. A mestizo consciousness was embraced that not only
acknowledged Spanish ancestry but also indigenous and (sometimes)
African ancestry. However, even within this new consciousness, a racial
hierarchy developed. African ancestry was often all but ignored while
indigenismo was upheld. Connections to an indigenous history and
culture were part of a larger nationalist argument based on the conquest
of northern Mexico by the United States. As the indigenous people of the
annexed land, Chicano/as could stake a claim to sovereignty, as evidenced
in El Plan de Aztlán.
The acknowledgement of a mixed heritage did not, however, mean
that all people of Mexican descent were automatically included in the new
consciousness. In addition to the hierarchy based on racial background,
there existed a hierarchy linked to one’s supposed to connection to (or
distance from) the “real” Chicano community – the barrio community of
many major cities. To that end, knowledge of barriology became a
signifier of inclusion. As Raúl Homero Villa explains, “barriology was a
Object Description
| Title | "As shelters against the cold": women writers of the Black Arts and Chicano movements, 1965-1978 |
| Author | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Author email | uryder@usc.edu; uryder@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | American Studies & Ethnicity |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-08-27 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Restricted until 27 October 2010. |
| Date published | 2010-10-27 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | McKenna, Teresa |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Sanchez, George J. Johnson, Dana |
| Abstract | This dissertation examines the work of women writers in the Black Arts and Chicano movements during the years 1965-1978. I argue that understanding the intersectional nature of the women's experiences is crucial for understanding their literary output. Further, I argue that Chicanas and African American women of this era challenged homogenous notions of community and racial identity and that we can trace the development of the Third World feminism and multiculturalism that came to the fore in the 1980s to this earlier period. Thus, this study also impacts the way we conceptualize identity formation and the creation of the literary canon. Investigating the ways in which these women integrated nationalist and feminist rhetoric and activism in their work is crucial for a full understanding of this critical period in U.S. history. At stake is an understanding of how Chicana and African American women in the United States have formed identities and communities; struggled for liberation and equality; and become part of the U.S. literary canon. |
| Keyword | Black Power; Black Arts movement; Chicano movement; civil rights; racial identity formation; womanism; borderlands theory; feminism; Third World feminism; nationalism; intersectionality |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1965/1978 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1698 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Ryder-2415 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume40/etd-Ryder-2415.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 164 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 159 poem. Once again, the rule of hypodescent rules and black over-rides any other racial/ ethnic identification. The active participants she is attempting to reach are self-identified black males, for whom (one assumes) the choice to be part of the revolution is straight-forward and self-evident. Chicano/a poetry of the era addresses the idea of mixed-race very differently. A mestizo consciousness was embraced that not only acknowledged Spanish ancestry but also indigenous and (sometimes) African ancestry. However, even within this new consciousness, a racial hierarchy developed. African ancestry was often all but ignored while indigenismo was upheld. Connections to an indigenous history and culture were part of a larger nationalist argument based on the conquest of northern Mexico by the United States. As the indigenous people of the annexed land, Chicano/as could stake a claim to sovereignty, as evidenced in El Plan de Aztlán. The acknowledgement of a mixed heritage did not, however, mean that all people of Mexican descent were automatically included in the new consciousness. In addition to the hierarchy based on racial background, there existed a hierarchy linked to one’s supposed to connection to (or distance from) the “real” Chicano community – the barrio community of many major cities. To that end, knowledge of barriology became a signifier of inclusion. As Raúl Homero Villa explains, “barriology was a |
