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149
women within the organization was often in keeping with patriarchal
notions of “women’s work.” Williams’s own example (women working
with the Free Breakfast Program) is an example. While on the one hand
women were elevated to positions of relative power (and a few to supreme
power), on the other hand many of them found themselves working
within organizational structures that were far from gender-neutral. Thus,
the BPP’s efforts were not always consistent or successful. Some men
supported the liberation of women; some did not. Yet those who did
support women often reprimanded their comrades who did not and some
women were able to engage in a variety of ways on a somewhat equal
footing with the men.4
Cheryl Clark also argues that women writers’ involvement was
crucial to the struggle. She states that “[b]lack women were key poets,
theorists, and revolutionaries during the era of the new black
consciousness movement of the late twentieth century.”5 While she
acknowledges the ways in which the black male members of the
movement did not always welcome the women poets (“because of the
‘race’s’ race to manhood”), she demonstrates the ways in which women
poets such as Nikki Giovanni, Sonia Sanchez and Audre Lorde not only
upheld the Black Arts Movement nationalist, anti-racist project but also
critiqued the patriarchal tendencies of some its male members. Many of
Object Description
| Title | "As shelters against the cold": women writers of the Black Arts and Chicano movements, 1965-1978 |
| Author | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Author email | uryder@usc.edu; uryder@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | American Studies & Ethnicity |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-08-27 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Restricted until 27 October 2010. |
| Date published | 2010-10-27 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | McKenna, Teresa |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Sanchez, George J. Johnson, Dana |
| Abstract | This dissertation examines the work of women writers in the Black Arts and Chicano movements during the years 1965-1978. I argue that understanding the intersectional nature of the women's experiences is crucial for understanding their literary output. Further, I argue that Chicanas and African American women of this era challenged homogenous notions of community and racial identity and that we can trace the development of the Third World feminism and multiculturalism that came to the fore in the 1980s to this earlier period. Thus, this study also impacts the way we conceptualize identity formation and the creation of the literary canon. Investigating the ways in which these women integrated nationalist and feminist rhetoric and activism in their work is crucial for a full understanding of this critical period in U.S. history. At stake is an understanding of how Chicana and African American women in the United States have formed identities and communities; struggled for liberation and equality; and become part of the U.S. literary canon. |
| Keyword | Black Power; Black Arts movement; Chicano movement; civil rights; racial identity formation; womanism; borderlands theory; feminism; Third World feminism; nationalism; intersectionality |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1965/1978 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1698 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Ryder-2415 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume40/etd-Ryder-2415.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 154 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 149 women within the organization was often in keeping with patriarchal notions of “women’s work.” Williams’s own example (women working with the Free Breakfast Program) is an example. While on the one hand women were elevated to positions of relative power (and a few to supreme power), on the other hand many of them found themselves working within organizational structures that were far from gender-neutral. Thus, the BPP’s efforts were not always consistent or successful. Some men supported the liberation of women; some did not. Yet those who did support women often reprimanded their comrades who did not and some women were able to engage in a variety of ways on a somewhat equal footing with the men.4 Cheryl Clark also argues that women writers’ involvement was crucial to the struggle. She states that “[b]lack women were key poets, theorists, and revolutionaries during the era of the new black consciousness movement of the late twentieth century.”5 While she acknowledges the ways in which the black male members of the movement did not always welcome the women poets (“because of the ‘race’s’ race to manhood”), she demonstrates the ways in which women poets such as Nikki Giovanni, Sonia Sanchez and Audre Lorde not only upheld the Black Arts Movement nationalist, anti-racist project but also critiqued the patriarchal tendencies of some its male members. Many of |
