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98
hands were the real black people and mixed-race house slaves were some
untrustworthy, tainted group. We must also remember that divisions between
light-skinned (house) blacks and dark-skinned (field) blacks serves the white
interest, as such thinking splits black people into factions and causes in-fighting
that distracts from the struggle that should be waged against the (white)
establishment. See Deborah Gray White, Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in
the Plantation South (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985); Angela Davis, Women,
Race and Class (New York: Vintage, 1983).
23 Alex Haley and Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York:
Ballantine Books, 1988).
24 It is impossible to understate the damage done by such thinking. In addition to
the psychological damage done to black people, black struggles for liberation
have suffered by an inability to unite because of perceived differences based on
skin color. The irony is, of course, that in a nation in which the rule of
hypodescent still operates, the idea that light-skinned blacks are somehow
immune to the effects of racism is ludicrous.
25 Eldridge Cleaver, Target Zero (New York: Palgrave Press, 2006) 73.
26 “The defining epoch…” Had there been no slavery, there would be no African
America, at least not with the characteristics we now recognize.
27 Karenga, African American Rhetoric 9 (Italics mine).
28 Michael Harper “American History” in The Black Poets Ed. Dudley Randall
(New York: Bantam Books 1971) 291.
29 Harper is referring to the Ku Klux Klan bombing of the 16th Street Baptist
Church in Birmingham, AL in 1963. Four African American girls, between the
ages of 11 and 14 were killed. The event became a galvanizing moment for the
Civil Rights Movement.
30 I have found no corroboration for this part of the poem and do not know
Harper’s source for the image. However, Charleston was a major port,
particularly for the importation of slaves. During the American Revolution the
British successfully captured the port and city so it is not unlikely that colonists
resorted to various extreme measures to keep their “property” out of the hands of
the enemy.
Object Description
| Title | "As shelters against the cold": women writers of the Black Arts and Chicano movements, 1965-1978 |
| Author | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Author email | uryder@usc.edu; uryder@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | American Studies & Ethnicity |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-08-27 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Restricted until 27 October 2010. |
| Date published | 2010-10-27 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | McKenna, Teresa |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Sanchez, George J. Johnson, Dana |
| Abstract | This dissertation examines the work of women writers in the Black Arts and Chicano movements during the years 1965-1978. I argue that understanding the intersectional nature of the women's experiences is crucial for understanding their literary output. Further, I argue that Chicanas and African American women of this era challenged homogenous notions of community and racial identity and that we can trace the development of the Third World feminism and multiculturalism that came to the fore in the 1980s to this earlier period. Thus, this study also impacts the way we conceptualize identity formation and the creation of the literary canon. Investigating the ways in which these women integrated nationalist and feminist rhetoric and activism in their work is crucial for a full understanding of this critical period in U.S. history. At stake is an understanding of how Chicana and African American women in the United States have formed identities and communities; struggled for liberation and equality; and become part of the U.S. literary canon. |
| Keyword | Black Power; Black Arts movement; Chicano movement; civil rights; racial identity formation; womanism; borderlands theory; feminism; Third World feminism; nationalism; intersectionality |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1965/1978 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1698 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Ryder-2415 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume40/etd-Ryder-2415.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 103 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 98 hands were the real black people and mixed-race house slaves were some untrustworthy, tainted group. We must also remember that divisions between light-skinned (house) blacks and dark-skinned (field) blacks serves the white interest, as such thinking splits black people into factions and causes in-fighting that distracts from the struggle that should be waged against the (white) establishment. See Deborah Gray White, Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985); Angela Davis, Women, Race and Class (New York: Vintage, 1983). 23 Alex Haley and Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Books, 1988). 24 It is impossible to understate the damage done by such thinking. In addition to the psychological damage done to black people, black struggles for liberation have suffered by an inability to unite because of perceived differences based on skin color. The irony is, of course, that in a nation in which the rule of hypodescent still operates, the idea that light-skinned blacks are somehow immune to the effects of racism is ludicrous. 25 Eldridge Cleaver, Target Zero (New York: Palgrave Press, 2006) 73. 26 “The defining epoch…” Had there been no slavery, there would be no African America, at least not with the characteristics we now recognize. 27 Karenga, African American Rhetoric 9 (Italics mine). 28 Michael Harper “American History” in The Black Poets Ed. Dudley Randall (New York: Bantam Books 1971) 291. 29 Harper is referring to the Ku Klux Klan bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, AL in 1963. Four African American girls, between the ages of 11 and 14 were killed. The event became a galvanizing moment for the Civil Rights Movement. 30 I have found no corroboration for this part of the poem and do not know Harper’s source for the image. However, Charleston was a major port, particularly for the importation of slaves. During the American Revolution the British successfully captured the port and city so it is not unlikely that colonists resorted to various extreme measures to keep their “property” out of the hands of the enemy. |
