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77
especially black workers – meant competition for white workers. As an
organizing economic principle, free labor ideology posited that “social
mobility and economic independence” were only possible if “nonwhite
populations and the degrading labor systems associated with them” were
not present.42 According to Almaguer, free labor was not only directed
against blacks but also other groups, including Mexicans and Asians.
California, therefore, provides a site to examine the ways in which
different racialized groups were caught in the web of white supremacy.
Mexicans experienced this web differently from blacks. The 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which annexed Mexico’s northern
territories to the U.S., created an “instant” immigrant population.
Annexation was not a foregone conclusion at the beginning of the U.S.
war with Mexico. Many white Americans were wary of incorporating a
non-white “mongrel” people into their nation. As Senator John C.
Calhoun stated: “We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union
any but the Caucasian race – the free white race.”43 Neil Foley points out
that “the new border between Mexico and the United States was drawn in
such a way as to take as much land and as few Mexicans as possible.”44
But the Treaty, in conjunction with the Gadsen Purchase (1853), did
redraw national boundaries and bring thousands of Mexicans and Indians
within the borders of the U.S. Some of these Mexicans were landed elites;
far more of them were poor peasants. Reaction to these newly created
Object Description
| Title | "As shelters against the cold": women writers of the Black Arts and Chicano movements, 1965-1978 |
| Author | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Author email | uryder@usc.edu; uryder@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | American Studies & Ethnicity |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-08-27 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Restricted until 27 October 2010. |
| Date published | 2010-10-27 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | McKenna, Teresa |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Sanchez, George J. Johnson, Dana |
| Abstract | This dissertation examines the work of women writers in the Black Arts and Chicano movements during the years 1965-1978. I argue that understanding the intersectional nature of the women's experiences is crucial for understanding their literary output. Further, I argue that Chicanas and African American women of this era challenged homogenous notions of community and racial identity and that we can trace the development of the Third World feminism and multiculturalism that came to the fore in the 1980s to this earlier period. Thus, this study also impacts the way we conceptualize identity formation and the creation of the literary canon. Investigating the ways in which these women integrated nationalist and feminist rhetoric and activism in their work is crucial for a full understanding of this critical period in U.S. history. At stake is an understanding of how Chicana and African American women in the United States have formed identities and communities; struggled for liberation and equality; and become part of the U.S. literary canon. |
| Keyword | Black Power; Black Arts movement; Chicano movement; civil rights; racial identity formation; womanism; borderlands theory; feminism; Third World feminism; nationalism; intersectionality |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1965/1978 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1698 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Ryder-2415 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume40/etd-Ryder-2415.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 82 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 77 especially black workers – meant competition for white workers. As an organizing economic principle, free labor ideology posited that “social mobility and economic independence” were only possible if “nonwhite populations and the degrading labor systems associated with them” were not present.42 According to Almaguer, free labor was not only directed against blacks but also other groups, including Mexicans and Asians. California, therefore, provides a site to examine the ways in which different racialized groups were caught in the web of white supremacy. Mexicans experienced this web differently from blacks. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which annexed Mexico’s northern territories to the U.S., created an “instant” immigrant population. Annexation was not a foregone conclusion at the beginning of the U.S. war with Mexico. Many white Americans were wary of incorporating a non-white “mongrel” people into their nation. As Senator John C. Calhoun stated: “We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race – the free white race.”43 Neil Foley points out that “the new border between Mexico and the United States was drawn in such a way as to take as much land and as few Mexicans as possible.”44 But the Treaty, in conjunction with the Gadsen Purchase (1853), did redraw national boundaries and bring thousands of Mexicans and Indians within the borders of the U.S. Some of these Mexicans were landed elites; far more of them were poor peasants. Reaction to these newly created |
