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45
Chapter One Endnotes
1 Most sources acknowledge that members of the Nation of Islam were involved
in Malcolm’s murder however evidence also suggests at least some measure of
complicity by the United States government. See for example Karl Evanzz, The
Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press,
1992); Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X (Chicago: University
of Illinois Press, 1979); Alex Haley and Malcolm X, The Autobiography of
Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Books, 1988); Bruce Perry, Malcolm: The
Life of a Man Who Changed Black America (New York: Station Hill, 1991).
2 Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X (Chicago: University of
Illinois Press, 1979) 301.
3 See Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights
Movement (New York: Plume Books, 1991) Chapter 5 “The Voting Rights
Campaign.”
4 Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s
(Charlottesville & London: University Press of Virginia, 1995) 46-49.
5 Horne 3.
6 See Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s
(Charlottesville & London: University Press of Virginia, 1995) and James
Smethurst, The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and
1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).
7 Revolutionary nationalists generally believed in separatism of the races in some
fashion. While the NOI at times called for a separate black state (in the southern
U.S.), the BPP shied away from territorial separatism, focusing instead on
building black-pride and control of inner cities, which were already heavily
populated by blacks. Revolutionary nationalists have in common a desire to
disrupt the national status quo in some way – by setting up a separate black state,
dismantling capitalism, or in some meaningful way change the balance of power
between blacks and whites. Cultural nationalists like Us Organization
concentrated on building black pride that was based on real and imagined
African traditions. It is not coincidence that Karenga, founder of US
Organization, is also the founder of Kwanzaa, a pseudo-African winter holiday
that roughly corresponds with Christmas and has gained popularity in African
American communities since it was introduced in 1966. Black cultural
nationalism has proven easily absorbed into the national culture, with Hallmark
Object Description
| Title | "As shelters against the cold": women writers of the Black Arts and Chicano movements, 1965-1978 |
| Author | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Author email | uryder@usc.edu; uryder@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | American Studies & Ethnicity |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-08-27 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Restricted until 27 October 2010. |
| Date published | 2010-10-27 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | McKenna, Teresa |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Sanchez, George J. Johnson, Dana |
| Abstract | This dissertation examines the work of women writers in the Black Arts and Chicano movements during the years 1965-1978. I argue that understanding the intersectional nature of the women's experiences is crucial for understanding their literary output. Further, I argue that Chicanas and African American women of this era challenged homogenous notions of community and racial identity and that we can trace the development of the Third World feminism and multiculturalism that came to the fore in the 1980s to this earlier period. Thus, this study also impacts the way we conceptualize identity formation and the creation of the literary canon. Investigating the ways in which these women integrated nationalist and feminist rhetoric and activism in their work is crucial for a full understanding of this critical period in U.S. history. At stake is an understanding of how Chicana and African American women in the United States have formed identities and communities; struggled for liberation and equality; and become part of the U.S. literary canon. |
| Keyword | Black Power; Black Arts movement; Chicano movement; civil rights; racial identity formation; womanism; borderlands theory; feminism; Third World feminism; nationalism; intersectionality |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1965/1978 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1698 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Ryder-2415 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume40/etd-Ryder-2415.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 50 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 45 Chapter One Endnotes 1 Most sources acknowledge that members of the Nation of Islam were involved in Malcolm’s murder however evidence also suggests at least some measure of complicity by the United States government. See for example Karl Evanzz, The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1992); Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Alex Haley and Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Books, 1988); Bruce Perry, Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America (New York: Station Hill, 1991). 2 Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1979) 301. 3 See Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement (New York: Plume Books, 1991) Chapter 5 “The Voting Rights Campaign.” 4 Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville & London: University Press of Virginia, 1995) 46-49. 5 Horne 3. 6 See Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville & London: University Press of Virginia, 1995) and James Smethurst, The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005). 7 Revolutionary nationalists generally believed in separatism of the races in some fashion. While the NOI at times called for a separate black state (in the southern U.S.), the BPP shied away from territorial separatism, focusing instead on building black-pride and control of inner cities, which were already heavily populated by blacks. Revolutionary nationalists have in common a desire to disrupt the national status quo in some way – by setting up a separate black state, dismantling capitalism, or in some meaningful way change the balance of power between blacks and whites. Cultural nationalists like Us Organization concentrated on building black pride that was based on real and imagined African traditions. It is not coincidence that Karenga, founder of US Organization, is also the founder of Kwanzaa, a pseudo-African winter holiday that roughly corresponds with Christmas and has gained popularity in African American communities since it was introduced in 1966. Black cultural nationalism has proven easily absorbed into the national culture, with Hallmark |
