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26
For members of what would come to be called the Black Power
movement, Malcolm X was a martyred “prince.” His philosophy of self-determination
and self-defense resonated with African Americans who
had grown tired of waiting for integration and the end of violence against
blacks promised by leaders of the Civil Rights Movement.36 For these new
activists, some of whom had been active members of civil rights
organizations, songs such as “We Shall Overcome” were replaced by
chants like “What do we want? Black Power! When do we want it?
NOW!” Taking up the mantle of black nationalism and incorporating a
variety of other philosophies (such as Marxism), Black Power
organizations sought to force the end of centuries of racial subordination
of blacks in the United States.
The NOI, however, did not believe in activism, preferring to
concentrate on building a membership devoted to religious instruction,
self-help and separatism. Although NOI leaders such as Malcolm X had
gained wide-spread attention with their anti-white, black-pride rhetoric,
the organization’s unwillingness to engage in political activism alienated
those black people who wanted to actively struggle against oppression.
Indeed, some activists who would later join groups like the Black Panthers
would do so after considering – and rejecting – the NOI largely on its
stance against political engagement.37
Object Description
| Title | "As shelters against the cold": women writers of the Black Arts and Chicano movements, 1965-1978 |
| Author | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Author email | uryder@usc.edu; uryder@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | American Studies & Ethnicity |
| School | College of Letters, Arts and Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-08-27 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Restricted until 27 October 2010. |
| Date published | 2010-10-27 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | McKenna, Teresa |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Sanchez, George J. Johnson, Dana |
| Abstract | This dissertation examines the work of women writers in the Black Arts and Chicano movements during the years 1965-1978. I argue that understanding the intersectional nature of the women's experiences is crucial for understanding their literary output. Further, I argue that Chicanas and African American women of this era challenged homogenous notions of community and racial identity and that we can trace the development of the Third World feminism and multiculturalism that came to the fore in the 1980s to this earlier period. Thus, this study also impacts the way we conceptualize identity formation and the creation of the literary canon. Investigating the ways in which these women integrated nationalist and feminist rhetoric and activism in their work is crucial for a full understanding of this critical period in U.S. history. At stake is an understanding of how Chicana and African American women in the United States have formed identities and communities; struggled for liberation and equality; and become part of the U.S. literary canon. |
| Keyword | Black Power; Black Arts movement; Chicano movement; civil rights; racial identity formation; womanism; borderlands theory; feminism; Third World feminism; nationalism; intersectionality |
| Geographic subject (country) | USA |
| Coverage date | 1965/1978 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1698 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Ryder, Ulli Kira |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Ryder-2415 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume40/etd-Ryder-2415.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 31 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 26 For members of what would come to be called the Black Power movement, Malcolm X was a martyred “prince.” His philosophy of self-determination and self-defense resonated with African Americans who had grown tired of waiting for integration and the end of violence against blacks promised by leaders of the Civil Rights Movement.36 For these new activists, some of whom had been active members of civil rights organizations, songs such as “We Shall Overcome” were replaced by chants like “What do we want? Black Power! When do we want it? NOW!” Taking up the mantle of black nationalism and incorporating a variety of other philosophies (such as Marxism), Black Power organizations sought to force the end of centuries of racial subordination of blacks in the United States. The NOI, however, did not believe in activism, preferring to concentrate on building a membership devoted to religious instruction, self-help and separatism. Although NOI leaders such as Malcolm X had gained wide-spread attention with their anti-white, black-pride rhetoric, the organization’s unwillingness to engage in political activism alienated those black people who wanted to actively struggle against oppression. Indeed, some activists who would later join groups like the Black Panthers would do so after considering – and rejecting – the NOI largely on its stance against political engagement.37 |
