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176
Appendix D
Built Environment Measures
(Scale of measurement: 0.25x0.25 grid cell; *= street segment)
Measure Definition Data Source(s)
Land use
1. Net residential
density
Number of residential units divided by
residential use area (ea/acres)
Los Angeles County
parcel- level land
use database
2. Land use mix Evenness of distribution of square footage of
development across single family residential,
multi-family residential, commercial,
recreational, institutional, and manufacturing
/industrial use
Los Angeles County
parcel- level land
use database
3. Retail floor
area ratio
Retail building floor area divided by retail use
area (sq. ft.)
Los Angeles County
parcel- level land
use database
Street pattern
4. Average block
size
Sum of block areas divided by the total
number of blocks within the unit area (acres)
City of Los
Angeles, Zoning
Information and
Map Access System
(Zimas)
5. Street
connectivity
Number of intersections divided by the unit
area (ea/sq. km)
maps.live.com
6. Percentage
street area
Proportion of street areas within the unit area
(%)
Zimas
Traffic environment
7. Traffic
capacity
Sum of distance weighted traffic lanes (street
length x traffic lanes) divided by the total
street length within the unit area (ea)
Zimas;
maps.live.com
8. Traffic speed Sum of distance weighted traffic speed (street
length x traffic speed) divided by the total
street length within the unit area (mph)
SCAG/ LADOT
9. Transit stop
density
Number of transit stops in the unit area (ea) SCAG/ LADOT
Pedestrian features
10. Streetlight
Coverage
Number of streetlights divided by the total
street length within the unit area (ea/mi.)
LA County public
works
11. Sidewalk
width*
Proportion of street segments with sidewalk
width over 5ft of the total street segments
traveled in the unit area (%)
Field audit
Object Description
| Title | Walkability as 'freedom': the ecology of school journey in inner city Los Angeles neighborhoods |
| Author | Uhm, Jung A |
| Author email | uhm@usc.edu; j_uhm@hotmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | planning |
| School | School of Policy, Planning, and Development |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-06-05 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2008-10-17 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | Banerjee, Tridib |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Irazabal, Clara Stoner, Madeleine |
| Abstract | Over the past two decades, rising concerns over childhood obesity and its health effects have brought the issue of "walkability" to the forefront in creating a child friendly environment. Particularly, the idea of promoting children walking to and from school has gained widespread support among policy makers, public health officials, civic organizations, and planners as a way to increase physical activity among children to prevent obesity. Recent policies and programs however are based on an assumption about the direct influence of the built environment on school travel mode, of which parents' values and perceptions are considered prominent in determining environmental attributes related to children walking to school.; This research proposes a conceptual framework in understanding the relationship between the environment and children's travel by adding a crucial link generally missing in current walkability research - children. By proposing the notion of walkability as freedom, this study attempts to draw attentions to children's choices and real opportunities and factors that either facilitate or prohibit children in or from actualizing what they value (walking to school as one of many). With this goal, this research explored the elements of a walkable environment through the eyes of ethnic minority children attending five elementary schools in inner city Los Angeles.; Through the triangulation of capability approach, child-centered participatory methods, and ecological perspectives, the findings demonstrate children's capacity not only to observe and understand the environment, but also to evaluate and reflect on making their neighborhood environment safer and walkable on their own terms.; This research suggests a shift in policy focus from the provision and improvement of environmental resources to the enhancement of individual freedom by increasing children's participatory capability. The results of this study advance the discussion on the relationship between active school travel and the environment by bringing children into the foreground within the spheres of ecological transaction. |
| Keyword | capability; children; inner-city neighborhood; perception; school travel; walkability |
| Geographic subject | educational facilities: Foshay Learning Center; educational facilities: Norwood Street Elementary School; educational facilities: St. Agnes Parish School; educational facilities: Vermont Avenue Elementary School; educational facilities: Lenicia B. Weemes Elementary School |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Los Angeles |
| Geographic subject (state) | California |
| Coverage date | circa 2008 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1671 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Uhm, Jung A |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Uhm-2224 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume29/etd-Uhm-2224.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 186 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 176 Appendix D Built Environment Measures (Scale of measurement: 0.25x0.25 grid cell; *= street segment) Measure Definition Data Source(s) Land use 1. Net residential density Number of residential units divided by residential use area (ea/acres) Los Angeles County parcel- level land use database 2. Land use mix Evenness of distribution of square footage of development across single family residential, multi-family residential, commercial, recreational, institutional, and manufacturing /industrial use Los Angeles County parcel- level land use database 3. Retail floor area ratio Retail building floor area divided by retail use area (sq. ft.) Los Angeles County parcel- level land use database Street pattern 4. Average block size Sum of block areas divided by the total number of blocks within the unit area (acres) City of Los Angeles, Zoning Information and Map Access System (Zimas) 5. Street connectivity Number of intersections divided by the unit area (ea/sq. km) maps.live.com 6. Percentage street area Proportion of street areas within the unit area (%) Zimas Traffic environment 7. Traffic capacity Sum of distance weighted traffic lanes (street length x traffic lanes) divided by the total street length within the unit area (ea) Zimas; maps.live.com 8. Traffic speed Sum of distance weighted traffic speed (street length x traffic speed) divided by the total street length within the unit area (mph) SCAG/ LADOT 9. Transit stop density Number of transit stops in the unit area (ea) SCAG/ LADOT Pedestrian features 10. Streetlight Coverage Number of streetlights divided by the total street length within the unit area (ea/mi.) LA County public works 11. Sidewalk width* Proportion of street segments with sidewalk width over 5ft of the total street segments traveled in the unit area (%) Field audit |
