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81
include not only traffic related but also social risks as well. The level of agreement
between the child-parent pair was less than fair (k<0.40) on each of the individual
traffic barriers, suggesting that parents may not have correct information about actual
traffic barriers that their child faces when walking to or from school.
Parents’ walking behaviors were also found to influence how their child
traveled to or from school. A higher proportion of children whose parents walked
more than a few times a week walked to (42% vs. 21%) and from school (63% vs.
26%) than those whose parents did not normally walk, X2 (1, N=83) =3.89, p<.05
and X2 (1, N=83) =11.63, p<.01, respectively. Although parents’ participation in any
neighborhood associations was not found to be an influencing factor, parents’ strong
interpersonal tie was strongly associated with the likelihood of children walking.
Parents of children who actively traveled from school on most days reported to have
significantly more number of friends in the neighborhood on whom they could rely
in the case of a need or emergency on average ( X = 7.04, SD=6.52 vs. X = 3.77,
SD=3.27), compared to those whose children did not walk from school, t (61) =2.58,
p<.05. When parents and children were stratified each by quartiles of reported
number of friends, Spearman’s correlation demonstrated no statistically significant
relation between the parents and the children rs (52) = .14, p>.01.
Neighborhood characteristics
Each child’s travel distance between home and school was measured from the
actual routes he or she normally takes drawn on an aerial view map. The majority of
children were able to complete their route between home and school, except in a
Object Description
| Title | Walkability as 'freedom': the ecology of school journey in inner city Los Angeles neighborhoods |
| Author | Uhm, Jung A |
| Author email | uhm@usc.edu; j_uhm@hotmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | planning |
| School | School of Policy, Planning, and Development |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-06-05 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2008-10-17 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | Banerjee, Tridib |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Irazabal, Clara Stoner, Madeleine |
| Abstract | Over the past two decades, rising concerns over childhood obesity and its health effects have brought the issue of "walkability" to the forefront in creating a child friendly environment. Particularly, the idea of promoting children walking to and from school has gained widespread support among policy makers, public health officials, civic organizations, and planners as a way to increase physical activity among children to prevent obesity. Recent policies and programs however are based on an assumption about the direct influence of the built environment on school travel mode, of which parents' values and perceptions are considered prominent in determining environmental attributes related to children walking to school.; This research proposes a conceptual framework in understanding the relationship between the environment and children's travel by adding a crucial link generally missing in current walkability research - children. By proposing the notion of walkability as freedom, this study attempts to draw attentions to children's choices and real opportunities and factors that either facilitate or prohibit children in or from actualizing what they value (walking to school as one of many). With this goal, this research explored the elements of a walkable environment through the eyes of ethnic minority children attending five elementary schools in inner city Los Angeles.; Through the triangulation of capability approach, child-centered participatory methods, and ecological perspectives, the findings demonstrate children's capacity not only to observe and understand the environment, but also to evaluate and reflect on making their neighborhood environment safer and walkable on their own terms.; This research suggests a shift in policy focus from the provision and improvement of environmental resources to the enhancement of individual freedom by increasing children's participatory capability. The results of this study advance the discussion on the relationship between active school travel and the environment by bringing children into the foreground within the spheres of ecological transaction. |
| Keyword | capability; children; inner-city neighborhood; perception; school travel; walkability |
| Geographic subject | educational facilities: Foshay Learning Center; educational facilities: Norwood Street Elementary School; educational facilities: St. Agnes Parish School; educational facilities: Vermont Avenue Elementary School; educational facilities: Lenicia B. Weemes Elementary School |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Los Angeles |
| Geographic subject (state) | California |
| Coverage date | circa 2008 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1671 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Uhm, Jung A |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Uhm-2224 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume29/etd-Uhm-2224.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 91 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text | 81 include not only traffic related but also social risks as well. The level of agreement between the child-parent pair was less than fair (k<0.40) on each of the individual traffic barriers, suggesting that parents may not have correct information about actual traffic barriers that their child faces when walking to or from school. Parents’ walking behaviors were also found to influence how their child traveled to or from school. A higher proportion of children whose parents walked more than a few times a week walked to (42% vs. 21%) and from school (63% vs. 26%) than those whose parents did not normally walk, X2 (1, N=83) =3.89, p<.05 and X2 (1, N=83) =11.63, p<.01, respectively. Although parents’ participation in any neighborhood associations was not found to be an influencing factor, parents’ strong interpersonal tie was strongly associated with the likelihood of children walking. Parents of children who actively traveled from school on most days reported to have significantly more number of friends in the neighborhood on whom they could rely in the case of a need or emergency on average ( X = 7.04, SD=6.52 vs. X = 3.77, SD=3.27), compared to those whose children did not walk from school, t (61) =2.58, p<.05. When parents and children were stratified each by quartiles of reported number of friends, Spearman’s correlation demonstrated no statistically significant relation between the parents and the children rs (52) = .14, p>.01. Neighborhood characteristics Each child’s travel distance between home and school was measured from the actual routes he or she normally takes drawn on an aerial view map. The majority of children were able to complete their route between home and school, except in a |
