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56
Thus, it is safe to assume that many stakeholders may choose to keep silent
during the rulemaking period. I can also assume that many stakeholders may
participate in different stages of rulemaking. In any event, it is safe to assume that
among the n stakeholders, only m ∈Ｒ (m<n) of them will submit public comments
indicating policy preferences.
The outcome of agency rulemaking
After collecting public comments, the agency has to choose a new policy state.
Now we can formulate the political transaction cost minimization problem. Given a
proposed policy state, the regulatory agency wants to find an acceptable policy state
θ∈ [θL,θH] that minimize the political transaction cost function:
C(θ,θ*)=α(θ*-θ)2 +Σ=
m
i 1
E(Pi)
=α(θ*-θ)2+Σ=
m
i 1
βi [ ( θi
–θ)2 –Ti
] (3.5)
Here α denotes that bureaucrats also have a stake in policy implementation,
which means that an agency will try to implement a public policy to achieve its
organizational mission. Stated differently, bureaucrats are also self-interested. This
assumption is different from either the public interests theory of regulation or the
capture theory. Indeed, this model assumes that bureaucrats implement a public policy
primarily for their own benefits, such as promotion, job security, self-achievement,
etc.
Then, the optimal cost function C*is defined by
C*(θ,θ*)=min C (θ,θ*), θ∈[θL,θH] (3.6)
Object Description
| Title | Processes, effects, and the implementation of market-based environmental policy: southern California's experiences with emissions trading |
| Author | Zhan, Xueyong |
| Author email | xzhan@usc.edu; xueyongzhan@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | Public Administration |
| School | School of Policy, Planning, and Development |
| Date defended/completed | 2008-07-01 |
| Date submitted | 2008 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2008-10-30 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | Tang, Shui-Yan |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Mazmanian, Daniel A. Henry, Ronald |
| Abstract | This research provides a positive explanation of the implementation processes and effects of market-based environmental policy by conducting a case study on RECLAIM (Regional Clean Air Incentives Market), the first regional emission permits trading program that has been implemented by South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) to address air pollution problems in the Los Angeles air basin since 1994.; Firstly, I developed a game theoretic model of environmental policy implementation. This model integrates theories of administrative rulemaking, policy implementation, institutional rational choice and transaction cost politics. I argue that administrative agency tries to minimize political transaction costs of policy implementation when writing rules.; Based on the formal model, I conducted a quantitative analysis to examine the interactions between SCAQMD and its key stakeholders, such as federal, state and local governments, businesses, and environmental NGOs, during the rulemaking of RECLAIM. I found that SCAQMD is more likely to adopt rule changes suggested by state and federal environmental agencies. This research identifies the dominant role of organized interest groups, the existence of interagency lobbying, and the lack of citizen control over the rulemaking of RECLAIM. Furthermore, I conducted an evaluation of the rules governing the RECLAIM program, and I identify the major distortions of the RECLAIM rules in comparison with an ideal cap-and-trade emissions trading market. Also, I used OLS regression to examine the effects of policy difference on emission level in California between 1990 and 1999. This evaluation fails to reject the null hypothesis that using cap-and-trade (CAT) compared with using command-and-control (CAC) has no different effects on emission of both NOx and SO2 from point sources at the county level in California in the 1990's.; In summary, this research finds that the implementation of emissions trading is political, and interest group politics may distort the regulatory design and implementation of an emissions trading program. While cap-and-trade is promising to better protect our environment and natural resources, its implementation is conditioned by many political and administrative factors. Inadequate rules may come as the results of political compromises, and they may impact the functioning of an emissions trading system. |
| Keyword | emissions trading; rulemaking; RECLAIM; implementation; environmental governance |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Los Angeles |
| Geographic subject (state) | California |
| Coverage date | 1990/2000 |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m1719 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Zhan, Xueyong |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Filename | etd-Zhan-2335 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume44/etd-Zhan-2335.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 67 |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Repository email | cisadmin@lib.usc.edu |
| Full text |
56
Thus, it is safe to assume that many stakeholders may choose to keep silent
during the rulemaking period. I can also assume that many stakeholders may
participate in different stages of rulemaking. In any event, it is safe to assume that
among the n stakeholders, only m ∈Ｒ (m |
