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CONDITIONS(OF(BELONGING:(
(
LIFE,(HISTORICAL(PRESERVATION(AND(TOURISM(DEVELOPMENT(IN(THE(MAKING(OF((
(
PELOURINHO8MACIEL,(SALVADOR(DA(BAHIA,(BRAZIL,(196581985(
!!!
by!
!
Micaela!Alicia!Smith!
!
!!
!
!!!! A!Dissertation!Presented!to!the!
FACULTY!OF!THE!USC!GRADUATE!SCHOOL!
UNIVERSITY!OF!SOUTHERN!CALIFORNIA!
In!Partial!Fulfillment!of!the!
Requirements!for!the!Degree!
DOCTOR!OF!PHILOSOPHY!
(AMERICAN!STUDIES!AND!ETHNICITY)!
!
August!2012!
!!
Copyright!2012!! ! ! ! ! Micaela!Alicia!Smith
Object Description
| Title | Conditions of belonging: life, historical preservation and tourism development in the making of Pelourinho-Maciel, Salvador da Bahia, 1965-1985 |
| Author | Smith, Micaela Alicia |
| Author email | micaelas@usc.edu;micaelas@usc.edu |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | American Studies and Ethnicity |
| School | College of Letters, Arts And Sciences |
| Date defended/completed | 2012-08-02 |
| Date submitted | 2012-08-06 |
| Date approved | 2012-08-06 |
| Restricted until | 2012-08-06 |
| Date published | 2012-08-06 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | Gilmore, Ruth Wilson |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Gomez-Barris, Macarena Lloyd, David Sanchez, George |
| Abstract | Conditions of Belonging focuses on the development of Pelourinho-Maciel from 1965-1985. It argues that the making of Pelourinho-Maciel, and the particular rationale market development discourse produced by the city, state, and international elite, relied on the symbolic presence of the longtime residents in the beginning just as much as it required their structured absence in the end. ❧ Pelourinho-Maciel is the colonial center of the old city of Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, and consists of the largest and most important collection of baroque and rococo architecture in the Americas. As the oldest Brazilian city, and one that for two hundred and fourteen years was the seat of the Portuguese empire (1549-1763), Pelourinho-Maciel is synonymous with times of colonial splendor and the labor of enslaved Africans. The campaign to restore Pelourinho-Maciel for tourism development began in earnest during the late 1960s, as local urban developers and state managers began the extensive process of petitioning the United Nations Educational, Science, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to make Pelourinho-Maciel an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Yet setting the conditions and priorities for how Pelourinho-Maciel should be restored was no easy task. While UNESCO recommendations mandated that the original community benefit from tourism development, the military regime (1964-1985) had radically different ideas of how economic development should proceed. During the regime, absolute security and development was enforced—meaning absence of conflict and economic growth at any cost. Economic growth was maintained through an orientation toward profit rather than welfare. As a result, the highly censored press contested these recommendations by describing UNESCO officials as foreigners intervening with no sense of the local issues. The “local issues,” decried the critics, were the increasing numbers of Black prostitutes and thieves living within the abandoned colonial mansions. Yet as many sociological surveys contested, prostitution was already in decline, based on a policy of residents moving out “of their own accord”. ❧ Since the 1930s, Pelourinho-Maciel had become isolated and abandoned by the local state as the elite continued to move out of the colonial neighborhood in search of housing with more modern amenities. A growing number of poor Afro-Brazilians took up residence as the neighborhood proceeded to decline, subdividing the colonial mansions into small partitioned rooms. Local residents worked in the city center as well as in the nearby areas as shoemakers, book-binders, laundry washers, street vendors, domestics, laundresses, seamstresses, hair stylists (Espinheira 1971, 57). Thirteen percent of the Maciel population had lived in the area for more than twenty years and in the same building. 27.5% in the same category had lived there for eight to twenty years (Espinheira 1988, 9). These numbers demonstrate the sense of permanency residents felt living in their homes and of the duration of their relationship as renters to their landlords. Throughout the 1970s, a debate ensued among journalists, UNESCO officials and sociologists as to whether, and if so, how, living and working conditions should be improved for the local poor as a result of the restoration process. ❧ The history of Pelourinho-Maciel as a history of the neighborhood’s long-time residents provides us a rich site to explore the ideology of development as its practices and logics were being imagined and implemented across and within multiple scales throughout the 1970s. The constantly shifting relationships between local, state, and international technicians demonstrates that the development of Pelourinho-Maciel was a multiscalar project with a particular focus on fixing one place: to make a colonial “living museum” and produce both the material and symbolic narratives to define Pelourinho-Maciel as a “living” historical monument (Azevedo 1994; Romo 2010). A focus on the residents, and how they were described and discussed in the debates surrounding their status as valid residents of Pelourinho-Maciel, brings to the fore issues of race, class, gender, and sexuality in the history of Pelourinho-Maciel’s urban renewal and state development strategies. Yet the logic of development in the making of Pelourinho-Maciel does not follow one continuous single narrative. Rather, the logic of development, as employed by the various city, state, and international actors, relied on multiple narratives, sometimes overlapping and sometimes contradictory. |
| Keyword | Afro-Brazil; Pelourinho; Salvador da Bahia; history; 20th century; Latin American development; urban renewal; UNESCO world heritage preservation |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m |
| Contributing entity | University of Southern California |
| Rights | Smith, Micaela Alicia |
| Access conditions | The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given. |
| Repository name | University of Southern California Digital Library |
| Repository address | USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 7002, 106 University Village, Los Angeles, California 90089-7002, USA |
| Repository email | cisadmin@usc.edu |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume4/etd-SmithMicae-1127.pdf |
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