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ANIMAL PRODUCTS, GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CANCER RISK by Amit D. Joshi A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY) August 2011 Copyright: 2011 Amit D. Joshi
Object Description
| Title | Animal products, genetic susceptibility and cancer risk |
| Author | Joshi, Amit Dolar |
| Author email | amitjosh@usc.edu;amitdjoshi@gmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | Molecular Epidemiology |
| School | Keck School of Medicine |
| Date defended/completed | 2011-06-01 |
| Date submitted | 2011-07-26 |
| Date approved | 2011-07-27 |
| Restricted until | 2011-07-27 |
| Date published | 2011-07-27 |
| Advisor (committee chair) |
Stern, Mariana C. Ingles, Sue A. |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Lewinger, Juan Pablo Hacia, Joseph G. |
| Abstract | Epidemiological evidence points towards the role of diets high in red and processed meats in the cancers of many tissue types. The mechanisms by which meat consumption may lead to cancer risk are not well understood. Meat is a complex exposure, i.e. a mixture of various potential carcinogens that may individually or collectively contribute to cancer risk. In these studies we investigated whether carcinogens that accumulate during the process of high temperature cooking of meats, or to due to cooking of meats to high levels of doneness, might increase the risk of prostate and colorectal cancer risk. These carcinogens include heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Moreover, diets high in processed meats may contribute to exposure to N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), which can also be formed endogenously when diets are high in red meat intake. To better understand which of these carcinogens might be more likely to explain the observed association between meat and cancer we considered variation in genes that metabolize HCAs, PAHs or N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), and genes that repair DNA damage caused by these exposures, to test for gene-exposure interactions. Given that some of these genes play specific roles in the metabolism of each type of carcinogen, finding of an interaction would help us identify which substrate is more likely to play a role in meat-induced carcinogenesis. Diets high in meat, as well as dairy, are also a rich source of phytanic acid. This branched-fatty acid has also been postulated to play a role in cancer. Therefore, we also investigated whether variants in AMACR, an enzyme that plays a key role in the metabolism of phytanic acid ,may associate with prostate cancer risk. ❧ We tested our hypotheses for prostate cancer using the resources of the California Collaborative Case Control Study of Prostate Cancer that included food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data for 1,096 controls, 717 localized and 1,140 advanced cases. We conducted analyses for colorectal cancer risk in participants of the Colorectal Family Registry (CFR), an international consortium of six centers from the United States, Canada and Australia.We had food frequency questionnaire data for 3,364 probands, 1,942 familial controls (siblings/ spouse) and 1,620 population based controls. ❧ In the prostate cancer study, pan-fried red meat and white fish were associated with a statistically significant increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Since pan-frying is associated with the formation of HCAs, but not PAHs or NOCs, we speculate that dietary HCAs may be relevant risk factors of advanced prostate cancer. However estimated levels of total dietary heterocyclic amines using the CHARRED database were not associated with risk of prostate cancer. We observed evidence of modification of the effect of 'estimated mutagenic activity' on advanced prostate cancer risk by a promoter polymorphism in PTGS2, an enzyme that plays a role in activation of both PAHs and HCAs in the prostate as well as in inflammation. We did not find any evidence in support of the hypothesis that phytanic acid may mediate associations between meat products and prostate cancer risk. ❧ In the colorectal study, we did not observe any associations for well done meat types, oven broiled or grilled meat types with colorectal cancer risk. However, of the 6 meat types for which we had pan-frying information, three (beef, spam and sausage) showed a statistically significant increased risk of colorectal cancer. As with the prostate cancer study, estimated levels of heterocyclic amines were not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. The findings of our studies point towards at least a partial role for meat cooking related exposures and risk of cancers, and have potential implications both in understanding the mechanisms of meat related carcinogenesis and in the public health goal of cancer prevention. |
| Keyword | cancer; colorectal; cooking; genetic susceptibility; meat; prostate |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m |
| Rights | Joshi, Amit Dolar |
| Access conditions | The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given. |
| Repository name | University of Southern California Digital Library |
| Repository address | USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 7002, 106 University Village, Los Angeles, California 90089-7002, USA |
| Repository email | cisadmin@usc.edu |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume71/etd-JoshiAmitD-177.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 1 |
| Full text | ANIMAL PRODUCTS, GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CANCER RISK by Amit D. Joshi A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY) August 2011 Copyright: 2011 Amit D. Joshi |
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