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DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATICITY FOR DISCRETE MOVEMENTS: A
SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF THE DUAL-TASK PROBE PARADIGM
by
Hui-Ting Goh
A Dissertation Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(BIOKINESIOLOGY)
December 2010
Copyright 2010 Hui-Ting Goh
Object Description
| Title | Development of automaticity for discrete movements: A systematic investigation of the dual-task probe paradigm |
| Author | Goh, Hui-Ting |
| Author email | huitingg@usc.edu; gohhuiting@hotmail.com |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy |
| School | School of Dentistry |
| Date submitted | 2010 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2010-11-23 |
| Advisor (committee chair) |
Sullivan, Katherine Winstein, Carolee |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Gordon, James Wulf, Gabriele Keim, Robert |
| Abstract | This dissertation was designed to investigate the use of an audio-vocal reaction time (RT) dual-task probe paradigm in studying the development of automaticity in a discrete arm movement. Four studies were organized to investigate this issue. First, the validity and sensitivity of the paradigm was examined. Second, the assumption that the paradigm has a neutral effect on motor learning was tested. Third, the assumption that attention is an undifferentiated resource pool was tested. Last, the effect of practice on attentional demands and movement smoothness, two commonly used measures to study the development of automaticity, was studied.; Sixty-nine participants volunteered and were randomly assigned to seven groups: Control-NoProbe, Choice-Preparation, Choice-Execution, Simple-Preparation, Simple-Execution, Simple-Execution700ms, and Choice-Preparation50ms. Experiments took place over three consecutive days. On Day 1 and 2, participants practiced a goal-directed discrete primary arm task and occasionally responded to either a simple or choice audio-vocal RT probe task that was presented either during movement preparation or execution phase. Retention tests were administered at the end and approximately 24 hours after each practice phase. Primary task performance (accuracy) on the retention tests was used to assess motor learning. Reaction time to the probe stimulus was used to compute dual-task cost to measure changes in attentional demands and to reflect dual-task interference.; Attentional demands, measured by dual-task cost, to plan and to execute the primary task decreased across practice and retention phases, indicating that the paradigm is valid and sensitive to study the development of automaticity in discrete movements. However, the assumptions of the paradigm were challenged. Specifically, learning of the primary task was enhanced by either the simple RT probe task presented early in the execution phase or the choice RT probe task presented early in the preparation phase. These results implicate that process-specific dual-task interference provoked by a specific type of the probe task presented at a specific temporal locus is beneficial for motor learning. Further, probe RT and dual-task cost data suggests that attention may not be an undifferentiated resource pool because the choice RT probe task did not result in longer probe reaction time or higher dual-task cost than that for the simple RT probe task. Together, the findings of these three studies suggest that a careful design of the probe paradigm is important in order to use it as a valid measuring tool to quantify the development of automaticity. Last, even though practice led to reduction in dual-task cost and dimensionless jerk cost, there were weak correlations between the two measures. This suggests that although both attentional demands and movement smoothness reflected the development of automaticity, there was little overlap between the two pathways of automaticity, information processing efficiency and motor control optimization.; Overall, findings from this dissertation indicate that the dual-task probe paradigm is a useful tool to study the development of automaticity. However, a thorough understanding of the processes involved in both primary and secondary probe tasks is required such that users can design a paradigm that is sensitive but does not violate the assumption that the paradigm has a neutral effect on primary task learning. On the other hand, and for the first time, we showed that the dual-task probe paradigm can be used to facilitate motor learning likely through the mechanism of process-specific interference. Finally, the dual-task probe paradigm alone may not be sufficient to study the development of automaticity in motor learning. Other approaches, such as jerk cost analysis, may provide additional information useful in advancing our understanding of highly skilled motor performance. |
| Keyword | dual-task performance; motor learning; development of automaticity; reaction time; interference; attention; jerk cost; smoothness |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3555 |
| Rights | Goh, Hui-Ting |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | http://www.usc.edu/isd/libraries/services/ask_a_librarian/email/ |
| Filename | etd-Goh-4181 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume40/etd-Goh-4181.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 1 |
| Full text | DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATICITY FOR DISCRETE MOVEMENTS: A SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF THE DUAL-TASK PROBE PARADIGM by Hui-Ting Goh A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (BIOKINESIOLOGY) December 2010 Copyright 2010 Hui-Ting Goh |
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