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LINKING PARTICIPATION, PROGRAM DESIGN AND OUTCOMES; VOLUNTARY AIR QUALITY PROGRAMS AT THE PORTS OF LOS ANGELES AND LONG BEACH
by
Alison J. Linder
A Dissertation Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(PLANNING)
August 2010
Copyright 2010 Alison J. Linder
Object Description
| Title | Linking participation, program design and outcomes; voluntary air quality programs at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach |
| Author | Linder, Alison J. |
| Author email | alisonlinder@yahoo.com; alinder@usc.edu |
| Degree | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Document type | Dissertation |
| Degree program | Planning |
| School | School of Policy, Planning, and Development |
| Date defended/completed | 2010-05-11 |
| Date submitted | 2010 |
| Restricted until | Unrestricted |
| Date published | 2010-08-11 |
| Advisor (committee chair) | Giuliano, Genevieve |
| Advisor (committee member) |
Mazmanian, Daniel Rahimi, Mansour |
| Abstract | An increase in global trade has increased transportation related environmental externalities in urban areas. Particularly noticeable is the contribution to air quality problems due to emissions from ships, trucks, rail and other cargo handling equipment. Because local jurisdictions often lack authority over these sources, voluntary, incentive based programs have emerged as an alternative to traditional top down regulation or market based solutions. By using both quantitative and qualitative methods, this dissertation expands understanding of how voluntary programs operate. Much previous work concentrates on a single aspect of a voluntary program or a single motivation for participation. Through detailed case studies, this dissertation provides a more holistic picture of how voluntary programs work. Program design, the surrounding context and operator motivations for participation were explored as they lead to program outcomes.; Three theories to explain participation in voluntary programs, including social legitimacy, regulatory pressures and economic motivations, were investigated. The linkages between these motivations and program design were explored as they led to participation and program outcomes. Two cases were selected from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The first is the Vessel Speed Reduction program, an example of a negotiated agreement that asked vessels to slow down as they approached the coast, thereby burning less fuel and emitting fewer emissions close to shore. The second is the Cargo Handling Equipment Retrofit program, an example of a regulator designed program where the ports financed the addition of Diesel Oxidation Catalysts to Cargo Handling Equipment.; In the VSR case, it was determined that an easy program in a context of high social and regulatory pressures led to roughly a 50% reduction in emissions over an estimated business-as-usual scenario. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis show that strong social and regulatory pressures contributed to participation more than specific program incentives. In the CHE case, participation occurred because of the ease of the program and the desire to maintain good relationships with port officials. Despite almost complete participation, program outcomes were limited by the technology available. This study found that program design is a key element as programs must be simple enough to encourage participation, but effective enough to achieve environmental goals. Despite the ease of programs, risk and uncertainty must also be eliminated for voluntary efforts to work. By using a mixed methods case study approach, this dissertation provided enhanced understanding of the multiple elements that contribute to the outcomes of a voluntary program. |
| Keyword | air quality; goods movement; corporate environmental responsibilty; environmental regulation; sustainable ports; voluntary environmental programs |
| Geographic subject (city or populated place) | Los Angeles; Long Beach |
| Geographic subject (state) | California |
| Language | English |
| Part of collection | University of Southern California dissertations and theses |
| Publisher (of the original version) | University of Southern California |
| Place of publication (of the original version) | Los Angeles, California |
| Publisher (of the digital version) | University of Southern California. Libraries |
| Provenance | Electronically uploaded by the author |
| Type | texts |
| Legacy record ID | usctheses-m3390 |
| Rights | Linder, Alison J. |
| Repository name | Libraries, University of Southern California |
| Repository address | Los Angeles, California |
| Repository email | http://www.usc.edu/isd/libraries/services/ask_a_librarian/email/ |
| Filename | etd-Linder-3761 |
| Archival file | uscthesesreloadpub_Volume14/etd-Linder-3761.pdf |
Description
| Title | Page 1 |
| Full text | LINKING PARTICIPATION, PROGRAM DESIGN AND OUTCOMES; VOLUNTARY AIR QUALITY PROGRAMS AT THE PORTS OF LOS ANGELES AND LONG BEACH by Alison J. Linder A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PLANNING) August 2010 Copyright 2010 Alison J. Linder |
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