Phone RI 4111 Editor, Sta. 15 Bus. Mgr. Sta. 9
SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
DAILY
T ROJAN
United	Press
World	Wide
News	Service
Vol. XXIV
Los Angeles, California, Monday, April 17, 1933
No. 124
ngress May Prolong Parley Until Summer
ew Economic Program Of President Halted In Voting Slump
nflation Measure Causes Unrest Among Splons: Bills Pending
WASHINGTON, April 16—09— resident Roosevelt is expected to 'i this week to stir congress out a lethargy that is boldine up his 'onomic program and threatening prolong the session until sum-;er.
Congress has slowed down just the president has included a ^ecie^ of national planning em-j racing a shorter work week, minium v-atres and controlled produc-on, with some sort of inflation in ntem plat ion.
Congress has halted the dizzy ace with which it put. through the , resident's early emergency meas- ; res for two reasons.
Action Delayed A ba ok wash has set in against : everal pending measures from in- ; erest.s involved. This explains i ifference.s of view that have de- j lyed action on the farm bill, pend-
El Rodeo Staff
Meeting
Announced
Announcement of an El Rodeo staff meeting to be held at 3:15 p.m. tomorrow was made last night by 'Walt Roberts, editor of the S.C. yearbook. The photo schedule for tomorrow was also set.
All members of the annual staff are required to be present at the meeting to be held in room 215 Student Union. Plans for the banquet will be discussed.
Two group pictures are sche-luled to be taken tomorrow. They are:
12:15 p.m.—All members of Aeneas ball in front of the hall.
12:30 p.m.—Ball and Chain in front of the Hoover street entrance of the gym.
Russia Denies British Charge
Bids for Barn Dance Will Go On Sale Today
Affair To Be Staged by S. C. Publications Saturday Night
Sunny Brooks’ Orchestra Will Furnish Music For Journalists
Tickets for the Publications barn | dance to be held next Saturday will go on sale this morning, according j to an announcement from the dance committee. Max Morgenthau will be in charge of the sale, and members of publications staffs will sell them. The price is 40 cents per person.
The dance next Saturday will be open to all students working on the Daily Trojan, El Rodeo, and Wampus. A map of the location of the affair will be printed on the cover of the bids.
Seven Papers Published By Student Journalists During Easter Vacation
Three daily, two semi-weekly, and two weekly newspapers • were edited by the students of the School of Journalism during j the vacation week. The members of the field trips took over all the activities of gathering- and writing news and editing the - -^papers.
s • s	i Ernie Foster, feature editor of
Oi ntl A l*?TI01TI£nt the Daily Tr°.)an» was in charge of illlil ill £11UHlClli | three papers, the Burbank Daily
Review, the El Monte Weekly Her-
Six Defendants in Coerced To Confess, Claim English
MOSCOW, April 16—0>—The ng in the senate, the Glass bank- Soviet government issued a "red ng reform measure and the * blue j paper" tonight denying charges in ky” securities bill.	a recent British official “White
The other reason is a restivenoss paper" of coercion in connection \er the inflation issue, which w?li with confessions by six British de-ome to its first test in the senate j fendants in the Metropolitan-Vick-
omorrow when numerous farm bill aendroents come to a vote. M^ny ongresfcmen, reacting to word from neir constituencies, especially in he West and South, regard some flation to boost prices as the main ssue.
President To Act
President Roosevelt now is study-ng vai ious methods to make more oney and credit available. lie \ iil continue conferences on this ubject this week and may reveal jtis pur|K)ses soon because of the estlessness in congress.
The ftdministration will make its rst move to break the legislative am tomorrow when senate ma.ior-ty leader Joseph T. Robinson will eek to get the Black five-day, six-
ers company trial.
Maxim Litvinoff, foreign commissar, Eigning the paper, declared that “we won’t trade our independence" in return for British good will and markets. The British demanded release of the six Britons, under trial now on charges of espionage, bribery and sabotage.
The “red paper" purported to be an official summary of the three conversations which Litvinoff had with the British ambassador. Sir Esmond Ovey, now in London. Their first meeting in connection with the cas*> occurred March 16, it was set forth.
Litvinoff's dramatic declaration about trading Soviet Russia's independence, it was revealed, occurred
Brooks’ Orchestra
Sunny Brooks’ orchestra will fur* Trial nish the music for the journalists. 1 Because it will be a barn dance, I several old-time numbers will be introduced. The hall will be decorated by a committee under the direction of Emory West.
Effort is being made to secure a hurdy-gurdy to entertain throughout the evening. Refreshments of cider and doughnuts will be served.
Patrons and patronesses for the dance include: Mr. and Mrs. Roy L. French, Mr. and Mrs. Leo Adams, Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Pelletier, Mr. and Mrs. Dixon Bell, and Kenneth Stonier.
ir day bill, which already has j Rt lhe|r tWrd ^ fina, lnteryiew *assed the senate, dislodged from he snarl which has held it !n the
jenate for several days. Robinson aid today he will press for a vote n the pending motion for reron-ideration.
Wage Provisions About, this bill President Roose--elt expects to build part of his ew pi ogram to spread employ-ent. Secretary of Labor Frances erklns suggested to the house bor committee, which will have arge of the measure, methods hereby a minimum wage might be rltten Into this bill. She recomended more elasticity in entorce-ent of Its provisions.
Only one bill passed either ranch of congress last week. The adopted the far-reaching anuro to re-finance farm mort-which is included as part of • senate farm relief bill. Presi-ent Roosevelt added to the list week the similar measure for nancing small city home mort-
anchu Blockade Threatens Russia
HARBIN, Manchuria. April 16— ,£)—No international trains will permitted to enter or leave Man-uria until every piece of Chinese 'tern railway equipment seized tbe Soviet government has been ed, Manchoukuo officials detoday.
The ultimatum was issued after viet directors of the Chinese line had asked Manchu di-to lift a border blockade, on
on March 2S, just prior to Sir Edmond’s call to London.
Committee Listed
General chairman of the dance is Wendell Sether. He is assisted by a committee composed of Dean Harrell, Max Morgenthau, Charles Van Landingham, Francis Cislini, James Ashbaugh, Quentin Reger, Walter Roberts, and Emory West.
It is the hope of the committee in charge to limit attendance to students working on S. C. publications, although candidates for office and student body leaders will be permitted to purchase bids No oomplimentaries will be issued, according to Sether.
Forces To Act
R«'%say McDonald's Visit To Be Observed by Demonstrations
WASHINGTON, April 16.-0)— Disarmament demonstrations will be held in New York, New Orleans, Chicago, and San Francisco on the eve of the arrival in the United States of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald of Great Britain, it was announced here tonight.
The pleasant, gray-haired Scotsman is on the high seas and will reach New York on April 21. The demonstrations are to be held on April 20.
A month later, a huge petition will be submitted to President Roosevelt asking for drastic military and naval reductions and international agreements for universal total disarmament.
Three bishops of the Episcopal church and 10 college presidents already are on the list of leading signers of the petition which include aso Mayor Frank Murphy, of Detroit recently appointed governor general of the Philippine islands; Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and Amelia Earhart, famous aviatrix.
aid, and the Culver City Star-News, and the Venice Vanguard, the latter two dailies published in the same office.
Members of the staff of the Burbank paper which was put out Saturday, April 8, were Jean McCarter, society; Bill Wilson, sports; Graham Berry, reporter; Harry Lee, reporter; Marion Hardy, assistant desk editor; and John McCoy, supervisor.
Ef Monte Staff
Those who worked during the week on the El Monte Herald were Margaret Lloyd, society; Ruth Moore, society; Jed Ostling, sports; Bob Johnson, city reporter; and Marc N. Goodnow, field representative in journalism, supervisor.
Two dailies were put out laat Saturday, the Star-News and the Vanguard. Staff members were John Morley. Sonia Turney, Bill
‘Hay Fever’ To Be Presented Friday Night
Mary Elizabeth Hendricks Norman Wright Cast In Leading Roles
Rehearsals for Howard Comedy Held During Vacation Week
With rehearsals occupying the attention of the cast during most of vacation week, the experienced actors of “Hay Fever,” senior class play, ar* prepared to present a polished production this Friday night in Bovard auditorium. “Hay Fever” is a sophisticated, rollicking comedy of family life over a week-end at the Bliss’ country home.
The entire cast, announced recently by W. Ray MacDonald, is composed of senior students prom inent both in Drama Shop, National Collegiate Players, and Play Productions.
Hendricks Hat Lead
Members of the temperamental Bliss family are Mary Elizabeth Hendricks, who has been cast as
Judith Bliss, charming actress Wilson, and Bernardine Olson, re- a°^ mother of the BH33 tribe, porters and desk workers. Marc I ^orman ^ right will play the
part of David Bliss, father and
Operatic Singer, Pianist, Feature Assembly Today
Sponsored by the College of Music Liana Galen, guest soprano and Miss Velma Keener, pianist, will be featured in the assembly this morning at 9:55 o’clock in Bovard auditorium.
Miss Galen is a lyric soprano, and has studied extensively both in this country and in Italy. She has had a wide and unusual experience in recital work and in opera, and has to her credit 18 operatic roles.
Miss Keener is a member of the senior class and has made frequent solo appearances in __southern California, both In re-
MISSOULA, Mont, April 16.— ,cltal 311(1 over radia (UE)—Old fashioned “saloons” and Miss Galen will sing the “Po-“brewer racketeering" have re- liaise’ from “Mignon” by turned to Montana with the new Thomas; “Tes Yeux” by Rene 3.2 beer W. E. “Pussyfoot” John- ! Rabey; "The Birthday" by Woodson, AnU-Saloon league campaign- j man, and “Fairy Pipers” by er, charged here today.	| Brewer. Miss Keener will play
Johnson, making the last of a	Lark by Glinka-Balakirew
series of lectures in Montana and * Concert Etude” by Mac-
The “red paper” was issued at tbe height of the trial being conducted in October hall, at which the prosecution tonight began summing up of its case. The prosecutor. Prof. Andrew Vishinsky, ridiculed British insinuations that the confessions had been obtained by “third degree" methods.
The newspaper IzvesUa, printing the text of the red paper, in an introductory paragraph commented that the British “white paper” was incomplete and false, and deliberately misled British public opinion. The paper called attention to the “calm firmness" of Commissar Litvinoff.
English Dignitary To Visit Roosevelt
ABOARD S. S. BERENGARIA, enroute to New York, April 16.— <UE)—Prime Minister J. Ramsay MacDonald, of Great Britain, tonight announced that he would speak at the Pilgrims’ dinner in New York on April 26, as part of a busy program while in the United States for conversations on economic issues with President Rooseevlt in Washington.
The prime minister, in excellent spirits and enjoying teh second day at sea, revealed that he plans to disembark at quarantine on arrival at New York, taking a tug up the river to Jersey City.
He said he would proceed at once to Washington by special train to avoid delay in starting his talks with the president.
MacDonald will speak at the National Press club in Washington on Saturday.
Johnson Says Saloons Return
against beer and repeal of the 18th amendment, said he admitted that drys “have a long row to hoe" in presenting their case.
Dowell.
Prof. Max L. Swarthout, head of the department of piano, will be the accompanist.
Horse Blanket Prize Lures Lethargic S. C. Architects
Stimulating interest in the
s th, seised equipment wm .pleasam pasj[me of sketcblng ^
ng gradually returned.
While the blockade continues, no made be-
-SIberian line.
rench Club Lunch Planned for Today
table and drawing board, and a set of drawing instruments.
I the pursuit of the fine arts in Prizes will be given in the fol-. ; general, the Art Pantry, student j lowing groups: (1) Work in black lections are being mae e , st0re in the College of Architec- and white (monochrome), includ-een the io in tly-controlled Chinese ture^ ^ succee(jed in stirring the ing work in pencil, charcoal, ™ Rupf:ian-owned lethargic, architects and fine arts c.halk, wask, etchings, and block-majors to produce a great quan- j prints, (2) color, including work tity of worthy works, which will done in any color medium such be exhibited after next Wednes- I as oils, pastel, and water color, day. when the contest sponsored : Both of the above groups are in-by Managers Jack Bornstein and tended to admit into competition “All members and friends of the Tom Gollle closes-	abstract and other types of de-
nch club are urged to attend a The competition has been re- signs as well as sketches from cbeo“ meeting today at 12:15 ceived with enthusiasm, partly nature. (3) Craft work including clock on the third floor of the because of the attractive prizes third dimensional work such as udent Union," announced Bertha donated by the store. The grand tticher, president of the club, prize will be a maroon and gold
blanket with the insignia of the university and the college of architecture upon it. Divisional prizes will be a landscape paint-
Schiller Will Talk To Relations Club
The guest speaker of the meet-wili be M. Henri Reynand, Frenchman who has traveled ively throughout Europe, checn Till cost 35 cents.
modeling, plaster casts, wood carving, or any art work not included in the above.
“All students enrolled in any class in the College of Architecture are eligible to enter this
; er’s umbrella and stool, a folding J competition,” says Bornstein.
With Dr. F. C. S. Schiller, author of "Tantalus” and visiting professor of philosophy from Oxford university, as guest speaker, the International Relations club will assemble Wednesday evening at 6:15 p.m. in the Student Union for a dinner meeting and informal discussion hour on world problems.
Dr. Schiller, known on the campus as a lecturer at the weekly philosophy forums, is a student of international affairs and is especially interestel in European problems. In his talk he will discuss conditions in Europe today.
All students and faculty members wishing to attend the dinner and to hear Dr. Schiller can make reservations by signing on the bulletin board at either the political science office or at the Student Union by Wednesday noon.
Those not desiring to attend the dinner being served at 6:15 p.m., can join the discussion group which will start at 7 o’clock.
Expect Hitler To Lead War Vets
BERLIN, April 16—(l'.P)—A conference between Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Labor Minister Franz Seldte, head of the steel helmets, a war veterans’ organization, today was expected to result in Hitler’s assumption of direct control of the organization.
The steel helmets, while working with the Hitlerites, have threatened occasionally to clog the brown shirts in their activities.
N. Goodnow' was supervisor.
The San Fernando Sun, a biweekly, was edited Wednesday and Thursday under Marvin Miles, day editor of the Trojan. Other work ers were Oliver Brodgon, assistant; Sonia Turney, city reporter; Elizabeth Fornof, society; and Marjorie Fulwider, assistant on society. Prof. Ivan Benson was supervisor.
Crew at Elsinoro George Hoedinghaus, day editor of the Daily Trojan, was In charge of the Elsinore Leader-Press, a biweekly. His staff was composed of John Scripps, Marion Hardy, Martha Sherwin, and DeWitt Miller. John McCoy was supervisor.
Louise Denny, the only woman to head a crew of workers, was in charge of the La Puente Valley Journal, a weekly. Bill Piguet was chief reporter, Margaret Thomas, and Margaret E. Thomas w'ere also reporters. Prof Roy French, director of the School of Journalism, was the supervisor.
Orange Next Trip The field trip this week will be held in Orange where the Orange Daily News will be put out under John “Sky” Dunlap, managing editor of the Trojan. Members of his staff will be Bill Piguet, DeWitt Miller, Jed Ostling, Ira Eaker, Virginia Smith, and Vivian Crawford.
The members of the staffs on these field trips gather and write all the news, write heads, read proof, and make up the paper. The regular staff of the paper turns over the publishing entirely to the students. It is necessary for all junior and senior students in the School of Journalism to take three field trips to meet graduation requirements.
author, while Carruth McCord is to enact the role of Sorel Bliss, the irresponsible but delightful daughter of the house of Bliss Simon Bliss, her brother, will be played by Erlin Bartlett. The maid, Clara, Is to be done by Barbara Hansen.
Experienced Thespians
Friends of the family who come to visit the Bliss’ over the weekend in Noel Coward’s breezy comedy will be portrayed by an outstanding group of campus actors.
Bill Hoppe plays the suave, conventional diplomat whose sojourn writh the Bliss family introduces amusing situations. Kay Keeler Is to interprete the role of Myra Arundel, sophisticated siren who entices the son, Simon, and Richard Miller is to play Sandy Ty-rell, young English pugilist.
France Curtails Wheat Imports
PARIS, April 16—(UE)—Millers throughout the country will be able to use only home grown wheat from nowr on under the new law which went into effect today as a further move in the government’s protection of the farmers.
Although the ministry of agriculture’s decree does not mean that the ports are closed to foreign wheat imports, the buying of American, Argentine and Canadian wheat will be greatly slowed down until the expiration of the decree.
It may continue indefinitely, even after tbe new crop is harvested as no date was set for its duration. It all depends on whether the mid-summer harvest is sufficient to meet the’ country’s needs.
Profitless War’ Bill Will Be Introduced
Sorority Backs Oratorical Meet For S.C. Women
Phi Beta, national music and dramatic sorority, is sponsoring an oratorical contest to be held at 8 p.m. tomorrow in Bowne Hall, Mudd Memorial hall. This contest is open to all university women. It will be semi-final, and will be followed by a*reception. All women who have signed up are urged to come to the women’s debate office, 326 Student Union, at 2:15 Monday.
The patron of Phi Beta Is to be guest of honor. The contest will be judged by Dr. Allan P. Nichols, Dr. Ray K. Immel, dean of the school of speech, and Prof. G. P. Tanquary of the school of speech.
The president of Phi Beta Is to be chairman of the affair.
All speeches for the contest are to be original with the contestants and are limited to 1500 words. Two bronze plaques are to be given as prizes. One of the plaques wlll be placed In the debate office. The winner of the contest each year will have her name engraved upon it, and will also be given an individual plaque, also with her name on It
Chicago Women Sells $4000 For One Dime
CHICAGO, April 16.-0) — Mrs. Rose Walczynska spent Easter Sunday looking for a whtie whiskered junkman who drives a white horse and to whom she sold $4,000 for a dime.
When the elderly man called at Mrs. Walczynska’s back door, she argued with him several minutes over whether he would pay her five cents or 10 cents for some old books and magazines.
She won the argument and got the dime, but recalled after the man left that her husband had hiddec $4,000 in one of the books.
Poiice thought at first that it would be easy to flnd a “white whiskered man driving a white horse.” They questioned several men today who answered the description, but none was the man.
New Currency Bill To Face Senate Today
Revival of Silver To Test Voting Strength of Wheeler Bloc
Cheapening of Money Is Added to Proposal For Farm Relief
WASHINGTON, April 16.—O*) —A compact group of senators mustered their strength tonight for a supreme test in the senate to-morrow to determine whether America shall seek economic salva*. tion by inilation of currency.
It is doubtful whether any more : important issue has been brought to the floor of congress this sea* son, for the outcome either will keep the United States on the nar* row path of rigid, unbending dollar or send it out along the road j to cheaper money.
,	Revive Slogans
Slogans and theories of the na. uve decade when Admiral Dewey was a hero and Theoloro Roosevelt was a lieutenant-colonel of volunteers in the Spanish American war have been carried out of --! the past and pressed into service
New Six Point Program a&ain-
To Be AHvanrerl hu The Cry of “^to-l” will be
pj A^vanced by raised again eveQ thou?h Ug au Ldouard Herriot	thor, William Jennings Bryan, lies
--dead in Arlington Natnonal ceme-
LE HAVRE, France, April 16.— j tery. Another aggressive eloquent (CD—France will seek rewriting Westerner will take up the torch of British and American debt where Bryan dropped it, when claims at the Washington con- I Senator Burton K- Wheeler. Dem.,
France Seeks Debt Rewrite
versations, it was learned authoritatively tonight.
The United Press Is report the six-point which former Premier Herriot chief French
Mont., rises to press for ment of an amendment
enact-
which
able to I program Edouard delegate,
will carry to President Roosevelt.
Herriot reached Le Havre from Paris tonight by motor car. His party will board the liner lie de France, sailing before noon tomorrow. Six financial, economic, and political experts accompanied Herriot
List Points
1.	War debts; France seeks the rewriting of British and American debt claims in keeping with French sacrifices at Lausanne, to such an extent as to assure that France will not bear the entire burden of the war costs.
2.	Currencies: France will encourage American initiative to bring British and other currencies back to the gold standard.
3.	Tariffs: France is willing to
enter bi-lateral (two nation) tar- j
iff agreements, either sweeping ^endm^nt fo rhe farm or individual.
Gensva Plan 4. Arms: Herriot will make a
would authorize the coinage of sfl-i ver at the ratio of 16 to 1 t» gold.
Bryan Lives Again
It has been more than 35 year* since Bryan stampeded a Democra* tic national convention into noml* nating him with the cry: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mane kind upon a cross of gold.”
But his theories and philosophy have endured in the silver-producing states of the Rocky Mountains, and Wheeler will voice them tomorrow.
He wlll seek to have his amendment attached to the Roosevelt fam relief bill. Leaders on both sides of the chamber predicted Wheeler's defeat.
Long Lead; Fight Senator Huey Long. Dem., La« said tonight be would insist on consideration tomorrow of his bill providing for government purchase of silver with the issuance of currency against the metal.
. „	, .. „ , . 1 If the Wheeler and Lon*
full expognre of the French plan ameBdaattB
are defeated the next attack will come from the Repub-
deposited at Geneva, which France thinks is the most practical solution of the armaments problem yet offered. It makes disarmament progressive, depending on the accomplishments of scheduled security guarantees.
5. European peace: Herriot will discuss minutely the Frenc’i peace club” plan based on both the Mussolini four-power pact and the British arms readjustment plans, stressing however that tinkering with the treaties on frontiers and territorial rights at present would be dangerous to peace.
lican Progressives. Senator Frazier has a bill which he hopes to substitute for the farm relief measure. It calls for the government to issue between $8,000,000,-000 and $9,000,000,000 in bonds to refinance farm mortgages. Provision is made for issuance of currency against the bonds.
Stray Greek Meeting
A luncheon meeting for all men Stray Greeks will be held tomorrow at 12:15 p.m. in 322 Student Union. The meeting has been called to discuss plans for the remainder of the semester. It is very important that all men Stray Greeks attend.
Ad Club Meeting To Be Wednesday
New Bonanza Uncovered In Long'Slumbering City
VIRGINIA CITY, Nev., April 16 (UIE)—Piute Indian squaws in bright calicoes and fur-coated divorcees from the Reno colony rubbed shoulders today as thousands came to this famous old mining city on the Comstock Lode to view the spot where one wheelbarrow of ore is worth a rich bonanza.
Viginia City, slumbering on the slopes of Mt. Davidson since the 70’s when the bonanza kings decided the world’s richest concentration of precious metals had a been exhausted, took on the appearance of a picnic grounds.
Thousands of holiday travelers climbed the hill behind Piper’s
WASHINGTON, April 16—0)—
Rep. Thomas O’Malley, Democrat,
Wisconsin, announced tonight he will introduce in the house tomorrow a proposed constitutional amendment to conscript property and wealth in war time.
This was represented as counter move to the McReynolds resolution pending in the house which empowers the President to
place an embargo on munitions and opera house and jammed around
war materials. O'Malley said his J the partly wrecked house of in wheelbarrows—each load esti-proposal was designed to "take the [George Wilson which the Andes- j mated to be worth more than the profit out of war.”	i Consolidated Virginia Mining comr I cost of Wilson’s house and lot.
“Motion picture night” will be held at the dinner meeting of the University Advertising club next Wednesday evening April 19 at 6:30 o’clock.
The dinner, which is being held at the Dyas-Carleton cafe, 5301 Wilshire boulevard, will bring the advertising clubs of S. C. and U. C. L A. together for a joint meeting.
In addition to the scheduled program as sponsored by the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer studios, entertainment will be furnished by the Campus Four, a male quar» pany purchased the other day for ; tet of U. C. L. A. students.
$150.	Officers of the University Ad-
L'nder this old house Oscar vertising club for the coming year Lewis, Consolidated-Virginia super- will be nominated at the meeting, intendent, discovered what mining and votes may be cast in the authorities say is a “lost bon- Merchandising office anytime after anza”—a neglected and virgin sec- the meeting before 3 p,m., tor of the Comstock lode which : Wednesday, April 26. Only those produced $700,000,000 in silver and who have paid their dues in the gold.	j club are eligible to vote.
Three shifts of men, working The price of the dinner is 60 night and day, completed a cross- ; cents, and reservations may be cut tunnel under the old house made in the Merchandising office, today and cut directly into the vein of rich ore uncovered last week on the surface. The tunnel struck the vein at the 23-foot level, J. L. Dobbins, consulting engineer for the Consolidated-Virginia said.
Workmen carried away the ore
New York To Have Opera
NEW YORK, April 16—0)— The uncertainty regarding next season's activities of the Metropolitan Opera company was dispelled tonight when a letter to subscribers announced a season of 14 weeks, beginning December 26 and ending March 3L
r